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79 INDUSTRIAL WASTES AND SOIL LEAD CONCENTRATIONS AS A BASIS FOR REMEDIAL OR OTHER ACTION Bobby G. Wixson, Professor Akbar Ghazifard, Graduate Research Assistant Environmental Research Center University of Missouri-Rolla Rolla, Missouri 65401 Brian E. Davies, Professor School of Environmental Science University of Bradford Bradford, W. Yorkshire, England BD7 1DP INTRODUCTION The valuable aspects and beneficial utilization of lead are well known, along with the potential health hazards which may be associated with elevated concentrations of lead in air, water, soil or foods. Lead contamination may occur in many different ways or through diverse pathways. Constant monitoring is required to control undue exposure and to prevent lead poisoning. Recently lead has become one of the major concerns in hazardous or toxic wastes associated with uncontrolled dumping. Workable guidelines are needed to determine the level of remedial action needed to clean up such sites. At the present time the U.S. has not established interim guidelines for lead in soil. Previous research has shown that the removal of persistent substances, such as lead from soil, may be very expensive. Therefore, tentative guidelines need to be realistic, environmentally safe and protective of human health. One needs to know how clean is clean in order that remedial action at identified lead contaminated sites may proceed as soon as possible. In the absence of acceptable guidelines such action may be confusing, expensive, and questionable. Suggested protective measures from other countries have been evaluated and provisional guidelines may be recommended based on scientific data, projected end land use, and other parameters noted during an on-site-specific evaluation for the protection of the population at risk. EXISTING GUIDELINES In an attempt to determine the normal range of lead in soils, non-selective and statistical approaches have been used by Shacklette et al.1 with later studies by Shacklette and Boerngen2 which indicated a mean soil lead concentration of 16 /ig/g with the 99.7% upper limit of 103 /ig/g. Davies3 and Davies and Paveley4 found that the average soil lead content for old lead mining areas in England and Wales were 42 to 106 /tg/g. Research by Davies and Wixson5 in Madison County, Missouri, an old base metal mining district, found that the mean soil lead content for background population was 50 to 178 /ig/g. Research findings suggest that any soil containing more than 120 /ig Pb/g can be considered as contaminated (above background) but not necessarily presenting a biological hazard until a much higher critical concentration is reached. The question of what might comprise a critical soil concentration has been addressed by several different countries and research groups. The British Department of the Environment (DOE) has proposed guidelines for the redevelopment of lands which may have been chemically contaminated. Based on research, health impacts historical information, and listing of contaminants most likely to present hazards to human health, the British DOE has proposed the concept of "trigger concentrations" of 500 /ig/g lead for gardens and allotments and 2,000 ^g/g lead for parks, fields, and open spaces. Sites below these values could be regarded as presenting no additional risk to a critical group.6 However, these recommendations are 787
Object Description
Purdue Identification Number | ETRIWC198779 |
Title | Industrial wastes and soil lead concentrations as a basis for remedial or other action |
Author |
Wixson, Bobby G. Ghazifard, Akbar Davies, Brian E. |
Date of Original | 1987 |
Conference Title | Proceedings of the 42nd Industrial Waste Conference |
Conference Front Matter (copy and paste) | http://e-archives.lib.purdue.edu/u?/engext,38818 |
Extent of Original | p. 787-792 |
Collection Title | Engineering Technical Reports Collection, Purdue University |
Repository | Purdue University Libraries |
Rights Statement | Digital object copyright Purdue University. All rights reserved. |
Language | eng |
Type (DCMI) | text |
Format | JP2 |
Date Digitized | 2009-08-03 |
Capture Device | Fujitsu fi-5650C |
Capture Details | ScandAll 21 |
Resolution | 300 ppi |
Color Depth | 8 bit |
Description
Title | page 787 |
Collection Title | Engineering Technical Reports Collection, Purdue University |
Repository | Purdue University Libraries |
Rights Statement | Digital copyright Purdue University. All rights reserved. |
Language | eng |
Type (DCMI) | text |
Format | JP2 |
Capture Device | Fujitsu fi-5650C |
Capture Details | ScandAll 21 |
Transcript | 79 INDUSTRIAL WASTES AND SOIL LEAD CONCENTRATIONS AS A BASIS FOR REMEDIAL OR OTHER ACTION Bobby G. Wixson, Professor Akbar Ghazifard, Graduate Research Assistant Environmental Research Center University of Missouri-Rolla Rolla, Missouri 65401 Brian E. Davies, Professor School of Environmental Science University of Bradford Bradford, W. Yorkshire, England BD7 1DP INTRODUCTION The valuable aspects and beneficial utilization of lead are well known, along with the potential health hazards which may be associated with elevated concentrations of lead in air, water, soil or foods. Lead contamination may occur in many different ways or through diverse pathways. Constant monitoring is required to control undue exposure and to prevent lead poisoning. Recently lead has become one of the major concerns in hazardous or toxic wastes associated with uncontrolled dumping. Workable guidelines are needed to determine the level of remedial action needed to clean up such sites. At the present time the U.S. has not established interim guidelines for lead in soil. Previous research has shown that the removal of persistent substances, such as lead from soil, may be very expensive. Therefore, tentative guidelines need to be realistic, environmentally safe and protective of human health. One needs to know how clean is clean in order that remedial action at identified lead contaminated sites may proceed as soon as possible. In the absence of acceptable guidelines such action may be confusing, expensive, and questionable. Suggested protective measures from other countries have been evaluated and provisional guidelines may be recommended based on scientific data, projected end land use, and other parameters noted during an on-site-specific evaluation for the protection of the population at risk. EXISTING GUIDELINES In an attempt to determine the normal range of lead in soils, non-selective and statistical approaches have been used by Shacklette et al.1 with later studies by Shacklette and Boerngen2 which indicated a mean soil lead concentration of 16 /ig/g with the 99.7% upper limit of 103 /ig/g. Davies3 and Davies and Paveley4 found that the average soil lead content for old lead mining areas in England and Wales were 42 to 106 /tg/g. Research by Davies and Wixson5 in Madison County, Missouri, an old base metal mining district, found that the mean soil lead content for background population was 50 to 178 /ig/g. Research findings suggest that any soil containing more than 120 /ig Pb/g can be considered as contaminated (above background) but not necessarily presenting a biological hazard until a much higher critical concentration is reached. The question of what might comprise a critical soil concentration has been addressed by several different countries and research groups. The British Department of the Environment (DOE) has proposed guidelines for the redevelopment of lands which may have been chemically contaminated. Based on research, health impacts historical information, and listing of contaminants most likely to present hazards to human health, the British DOE has proposed the concept of "trigger concentrations" of 500 /ig/g lead for gardens and allotments and 2,000 ^g/g lead for parks, fields, and open spaces. Sites below these values could be regarded as presenting no additional risk to a critical group.6 However, these recommendations are 787 |
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