VOL. XXIV.
INDIANAPOLIS,!IND., JULY 6,1889.
NO. 27
<$itmj and &uswex.
Give yonr name and address when asking questions. Many queries go unanswered for failure to
observe this rule.
Correspondents who desire an immediate reply to
their queries shonld enclose a stamp for the purpose.
You say there will be a raspberry meeting at S. Johnson's on Saturday, July 13,
Where will you get your raspberries?
My heaviest picking will be to day.
Blackberries may be nearer ripe at that
time. Perhaps you intended to say blackberries. A. Furnas.
Danville, July lst.
No, we gave it just as they told us in
the printed program. ■-   -
I. N. H., Marion Co.: The plant you left
for name is Alfalfa, or Lucerne. It is the
olover that matures from four to six
crops of hay in a season, in California. It
does fairly well in this country when a
good stand can be secured.
J. M. of Logansport, wants to know
who the patentee of the Wildcat fence is
and when it was patented.
Ia. D. Cather, of LiG range Co., is the
patentee. It was patented September 25,
1883, No. 285,570 and it is the best fence
on earth. J. H. H.
There are in this neighborhood millions
of what is known as the green midge.
They have injured the late wheat very
much, and the oats is literally alive with
them, and now they are jast making their
appearence on the corn. Please give us a
little history of them. How long have
they been known T What damage are they
likely to do to the oats and corn oropsT
Maxlnkuckee. T. N. B.
It is the grain aphis, so often described
in these columns already. They will soon
disappear, and the daamge they do is not
so great as would be supposed from their
great numbers. Sse notices elsewhere in
this number by Prof. J. Troop, of Pardue
and Prof. C. M. Weed, of the Ohio Experiment Station. ,   »
I see some enquire through the Farmer
the best time to put out manure. I have
found from experience that November is
the best, for oorn in particular. The sun
does not burn it up and the winter snows
and rains send all the strength into the
ground. O. F.
Zinesfield, Logan Co., Ohio.
I send you a chrysalis and a moth, both
wore found on May oherry trees. The
first, two months ago, the moth, a few
days ago. One neighbor thinks they belong to the family of insects which pierce
the green cherries and apples and deposit
their eggs; another thinks they are the
tobacco worm moth, please decide the
question. J. A. C.
It is the Cecropia or Emperor moth, the
largest and handsomest of our moths.
The worms that hatch from Its numerous
eggs, feed upon the leaves of the apple
and other trees, and as they grow to a
large size they sometimes do great mischief. Other insects feed upon the worms
or larvas, however, ao that but few of them
live to their maturity, and usually but little damage is done. It is the curculio,
another insect entirely, whose larvae infest cherries and plums, and is the worm
of the codlin moth, a small, grayish white
Insect that eats through the apples. The
Sphinx moth that produces the tobacco
worm is smaller and less beautiful than
Cecopia. It files at dusk among flowers,
the honeysuckle, particularly, and sucks
the juices with a long proboscis, that is
colled up when not in use. Itis often
mistaken for the humming bird, from the
noise it makes and its habit of hovering
over flowers. .'   . C
Thero has been a marked decrease of
atrikes within the last three years. In 1886
the number of employes involved in strikes
•and lockouts was 4*8,000, ln 1887 about 345,
000, and in 1888 only 211,000.'   *
INDIANA EXPERIMENT STATION.
Purdue University Bulletin for May, 1889,
on Milk Secretion, Eto.
BY PBOF. O. A. WULFF.
The udder of the oow consists of two
glands separated by partition of connective tissue. Each gland has two outlets,
one through each of the teats. The mass
of the udder consists mainly of connective tissue in which are spread veins,nerves
and lymph-vessels; in its upper part we
also find a more or less abundant fat tissue and through all the glands branch the
milk vessels.
sltlon of milk and the blood differs very
essentially. MUk contains tbree to five
times as much potash as soda, while that
of the blood oonte ins three to five times as
muoh soda as potash.
As an exclusive food for the young, milk
must contain all the substances necessary
for growth; for building up tissues it
must contain all substances that these
contain; thus the milk is,now considered
not only as a secretion of the blood but as
a material formed in the glands from
the cells themselves—the milk is a fluid
tissue.
The vesioles are studded ..with epithelial
cells, and during the lactation period the
membranes of  these cells are broken (see
?-<<__■■£_**_>'■'■ jr-•_■•■« >',_t_9e2g^^^mWffl'>i ■
.\ -
TIO. 1.     DISSECTED TJDDEB OF A COW.
Plate 1 shows a section of an udder, the
left hind teat of which has been injected
with gleatin in order to impart a correct
idea of the struoture. In the lower end ot
the teat there are muscles that close the
outlet. As the outlet extends into the
upper end of the teat, whioh is called the
base of the teat, it increases in width until
it reaches the largest space in the teat,
called the milk cistern. The milk cisterns
of the hind teats are larger than those of
the front teats, a fact also illustrated in
the engraving.
From the milk cistern the milk vessels
branch into the mass ot the udder, decreasing in width gradually and ending
in numberless small vesioles. In the foremost teat no injection was made,
as it showed the form of the milk
cistern and ita vessels best when
empty; and the hind teat showed
best when the udder was full of
milk. In the former the fwalls of '
the vessels seem fallen together.
In the cutjwe can also see that
there are communications between
the teats on eaoh side of the^udder;
but between the teats on opposite
sides there is no suoh communication. Thus the reason why the
milk man sho aid milk both teats on
the same side before taking those on
the opposite side.
He ought also sit on the left side
of the cow,'because|the milk cistern
in the hind teat ls larger and to |em-
pty it requires the force (enerally) of
the strongest hand.
"There is aJsoseen some fat tissue
in the upper part of the udder; this
Is generally located mostly in the
foremost and hindmost part, from
where it spreads to other parts.   A
"a" plate 2), the nucleus and the protop-
lasmaare converted into casein, fat and
milk sugar (fat generation). The cells are
thus forced out by the new ones formed
at'the walls of the.vesloles.
In the smallest vesi des the milk is found
(see **o" plate 2) rioh In fat globules. It
was also obssrved that the milk formation ls always more lively in those parts
of the vesicles where the epithelial cells
are found in several layers; the cells then
also being more cylindrical. Where this
formation is not yet begun or seems recently finished, the cells have a very thin
cross-section.
We have not been able to find any network of lymph-vessels spread on the walls
vessel on the walls of the cells of the vesicles (lobules), where the formation of the
milk would be due to a metamorphosis of
those corpuscles. Bat as before said, we
ha** e not been able to find any such lymph
system between the walls and the blood
vessels. Plate 2, shows the situation of
the blood vessels. C, shows the structureless connective tissue with its cell nucleus, that surrounds the lobules or the
emillest branches of the vesicles.
•A. Rauber: Euber den U rsprung der Milch.
WARMING WATER FOR COWS.
The figures show that an increase took
place in the milk yield of lot I during the
first period. Lot 1 then reoeived water of
79 degrees temperature. This increase
oould also be accounted for from the fact
that richer food had also been given the
oows, which also accounts for the increase
of the yield of milk of lot II.
Duricg the second period the temperature of the water was fixed at 50 degrees
F. for both lots. This immediately caused
a decrease of the milk flow of lot I that
had received warm water during the first
period, but the falling off in the yield of
lot II was not expected, as the feed was
exactly alike for both lots.
During the third period the difference
in the temperature of the water was made
as great as possible. Lot I was supplied
with water of the atmospheric temperature of 38 degrees F. and that the falling
off in milk yield for this lot is 34 pounds
more than* during the second period and
38 pounds more than during the first.
Thus this lot gave its best yield when the
water was supplied at a temperature of
79 degrees F. but fell off in yield as the
temperature decreased. The decrease of
yield for this lot was over 8 per cent when
the temperature was lowered from 70 degrees to 38 degress F.
Lot II which, during the third period
was supplied with water of 78 degrees,
shows a decrease in yield,from tho second
period, of two pounds; bat this ii not a
loss without gain, because lot II had already fallen off 20 pounds lu the second
period.
If, then, the temperature of the water
given ^this lot has been lowered, the decrease should still have continued, but
that was prohibited by the warm water
supplied; thus we see a gain for lot II lf
this also Is only a negative one.
Regarding the water drunk, it was always noticed that the amount of water
taken by the cows Increased as the temperature increased. Lot I drank 23 pounds
more water at 79 degrees temperature
than at 38 degrees F. Lot II drank 388
pounds more under the same conditions.
The effjcts on the composition of the
milk are not sufficiently definite to offer
conclusive results. The milk of lot 11 was
always more watery than that of lot I.
Why the differences were not greater was
no doubt due to the exceptionally mild
winter.
The total oost for warming the water ia
not worth speaking of, amounting only
to two bushels of soft ooal.
In mild winters there does not seem to
be any reason for heating water. It will,
ln most cases, be sufficient to simply supply water that is above the freezing temperature. If, therefore, a tank can easily
be furnished ln the stable, the very best
results may be expected, as is also shown
in oountries where the winters are longer
and severer than those in our locality.
fatty udder never indicates a good milker.
Plate 2 gives a cross-section of the vesioles where- the formation of the milk
takes place. - There are two opinions prevalent as to the way in which milk is
formed in the udder. It was first thought
that the milk waa only a transudant of
the blood, bat this idea was soon . abandoned as it was shown that the oompo-
FIQ. 2.    CROSS SECTION OF MILK VESICLES.
of the vesioles, and therefore do not agree
with Rauber,* that the formation ef milk
Is due to the white blood oorpusoles contained in the lymph, even if his theory
does seem somewhat attractive. He says
that when the phoctus ia in the uterus the
white blood corpuscles are found in the
placenta, but as soon as the young is born,
and no use ls found for those blood corpuscles there, they pass Into the lymph-
Forest fires ln Montana have covered an
area of over 100 square miles.destroylng the
best hay ground in the vicinity of Helena.
The loss will be very heavy owing to the
fact that the dry season had already greatly
reduced the hay orop. No such prairie fire
has been known ln Montana ijrecentyears.
86 far no lives have been reported lost,
though several ranchmen have been burn,
edout.