Yol. IX.
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA, AUGUST 8, 1874.
No. 31.
Live Stock*
. Points in the Ayrshire Cow.
[Purity of blood, as traced back to Importations of both dam and sire, or to the American
Ayrshire Herd Book.] ; .
Head. As in the other breeds, small,
the face long and narrow; the muzzle and
nose variable in color.
Eye,   Placid, and not strikingly large.*
Ear. Of full size, and of an orange
color .within. , . .      ■•':!'.:
. Hornsi Small, tapering, with an outward and upward turn, and set on wide
apart; the face somewhat dishing. -      .;  ,
Neck. Of medium length, clean in the
throat, very light throughout, and tapering to the head.
Shoulders. Lying snugly on the body,
thin at their tops, small at their points,
not long in the blade," nor loaded with
muscle.
Chest. Must retain sufficient width and
roundness to insure constitution. The
lightness of the fore-quarter, and the
"wedge shape" of theN animal, from the
hind quarter forward, arising more from a
small, flat, and thin shoulder than from
any undue narrowness of the chest.
Crops. Easily blend in with so thin a
shoulder, and prevent all hollowness behind. . ■'• .    " '   i * '
Brisket—Not overloading the fore end,
but light.
\BacA;:-rShould be straight, and the loins
wide the hips rather high and well spread.
■Pelvis—Roomy, causing a good breadth
at what is termed the "thurl or "round
bone," between the points of the rumps.
Quarters—Long_, tolerably muscular,
ana full in their upper portion,'- but
moulding into the thighs below., which
should have a degree of flatness, affording
thus more space for a full udder. The
flank well let down, but not heavy.
Ribs—Behind springing out very round
and full, affording space for a large udder,
which by Ayrshire breeders is considered
very essential to secure the milking property; the whole carcase thus acquiring
increased volume towards its posterior
portion.
Rumps—Nearly level with the back,
projecting but little.
Tail—Thin in its cord, of full length,
light in its hair, and set somewhat further
into the back than would beadmissable in
some other breeds.
Legs—Delicateand fine in the bone, inclining to be short, and well knit together
at the joints.
Udder—In this breed is of more especial
importance, as the Ayrshires have been
bred almost exclusively with reference to
their milking properties. The great
feature ofthe udder should be capacity,
without being fleshy. It should be carried squarely and broadly forward, and
show itself largely behind. As it rises
upward,, it should not mingle too immediately with the muscle of the thighs,
but continue to preserve its own peculiar
texture of skin—thin, delicate, and ample
in its folds. The teats should stand wide
apart, and be lengthy, but not large and
coarse.
Hair—Soft and thick, in the phraseology ofthe country "woolly."
Color—varies; a dark red, a rich brown,
a liver color, or mahogany, running into
almost a black; those very much broken
and spotty at the edges on a white ground
are the favorite colors at the present time.
The light yellow is, however, a color sometimes found on very good cows; but those
pale colors are objected to from an impression that such belong to animals of less
constitution.
Carriage—Should be light, active, and
even gay; this latter appearance is much
promoted by the upward turn ofthe horn.
Quality on Handling—Will show t the
skin to be of medium thickness only, moving freely under the hand, and evincing a
readiness in the animal to take ■ on flesh
when a drain on the constitution is no
longer made by the milk pail.
Points of the Ayrshire Bull., - •
The points desirable in the female   are
fenerafly so in the male, but must of course
e attended with that masculine character
which is inseparable from a strong and
vigorous constitution. Even a certain
degree of coarseness is admissable; but
then it mustbe so exclusively ef a masculine description's never to be discovered
in a female of his get.
In contradistinction to the cows, the head
of the bull may be shorter, the frontal
bone broader, and the occipital flat and
stronger, that it # may receive and
sustain the horn; this latter may be excused if a little heavy at the base, so its
upward form, its quality and color, be
right.. Neither is the 'looseness of the
skin attached to and depending from the
under jaw to be deemed other than a
feature of the sex, provided it is not ex-
, tended beyond the bone, but leaves the
j gullet and the throat clean and free from
j dewlap.
The upper portion of the neck should
be full and muscular; for it is an indication of strength, power, and constitution.
The spine should be strong, the bones of
the loin long and abroad, and the whole
muscular system wide, and thoroughly developed over the entire frame.
A PLEA FOR COWS.
Reader, are you fond of milk? Do
you like butter, or beef? Then have compassion On the kind, generous cow! Most
farmers feed their horses something better
than straw or badly cured hay in winter, f
though their work during that season is
light. Horses, are usually kept in comfortable stables, with clean dry bedding,
renewed every night. They are also curried and brushed every morning, and fed
good hay, oats, chop, etc., until they are
"fat as fools," as if they were being prepared for the butcher, instead of being
kept for labor. This is curious philosophy.
A fat man is not in a condition to endure
hard work, nor is he as comfortable or as
healthy, as a person in moderate flesh.
It will usually be found that those who
thus overfeed their horses, are the very
men who starve their cattle. In summer
they are turned into the wood lot, the fallow field or the.highway; while the horses
of view, to feed well; feed as much as possible in-doors, and we shall have more manure; and the manure, where the cattle
are well fed, will be of better quality. Our
land needs the manure as much as our cattle
need the nutritious food; and thus it is, as
the English say, the more we feed the more
we can produce. We should never feed in
the highway. If. we cannot feed in-doors,
we should certainly feed on our own land,
and aim to select the'place where it will do
the most good.—Cor. Actional Live Stock
Journal. :•*■•
FAT SHEEP FOR HEAVY FLEECE.
There is,much said about ewes being
too fat to breed well, dn my experience of
twenty years. I havo never seen anything
that led me to think so, providing this_flesh
is put on with good pasture in summer,
and a few roots, with good-hay, in Winter.
The fatter sheep become under those circumstances, the more valuable I should
consider them. There is a time of the
year when it pays better to feed a small
allowance of grain daily than in the fall,
after the feed gets frozen, and it is not
necessary to bring the flock to the barn.
It is an old saying, ."a sheep well No-
vembered is half wintered." Keep the
ewes fat, and the lambs will be fat, and the
fleeces heavy.   I do not say whether it is
than they can assimilate. They are accustomed to forage for themselves. They
have plenty of exercise and comparatively
little food. Now then, if you take such a
breed of hogs, and endeavor to push them
rapidly forward with rich food, it is easy
to see how their blood could be poisoned
by the excess of material which tho animal
is not able to convert into flesh and fat.
My remedy wonld be to raise a better
class of pigs. I would raise such pigs as
would stand high feeding until they were
fat enough for market, and then I would
dispose of them without delay. If you
take pigs that are not accustomed to
mature before they are three or four years
old, and endeavor to so feed and force
them that they shall be ready for market at
twelve months old or less, what can you
expect but hog cholera? On the other
hand, a breed that is accustomed, and has
been for generations, to mature early can
can be pushed forward rapidly without
injury.
I should expect the best success from
pigs raised from a large, healthy, common
sow, sired by a highly refined thoroughbred boar, of a breed distinguished for its
gentleness, fineness of bone, little offal,
early maturity, and fattening qualities.
The mother would furnish _ the digestive
powers and the sire the assimilating powers. These qualities, combined with early
maturity, fineness of bone, and high qualities of meat, would give you precisely
what a good feeder wants.
with one, should cultivate acquaintance ;
let him knowthat you are his friend, and
prove it to him by your kind treatment.
He needs this to inspire confidence, and
when this is gained, he is your humble
servant.
If your, horse gets feightened at any unusual sight or noise, do not whip him, for
if you do, he will connect the whipping
with the object that alarmed him, and
make him afraid of it ever after. If he
merely shies at the object, give him timo
to examine it, which, with some encouraging words from the driver, will persuade
him to pass it. You set frightened, too,
sometimes, and would not like to be
whipped for it.—American Stock Journal.
State Agricultural College.
IMPORTED AYRSHIRE COW, "LADY KILBERNIE,"?
Owned by Sturtevant Eros.,  Waushakmn Farm, South Farmington, Massacnusells.
are always "in clover." In winter, the
milch cow runs in the road by day, and at
night lies or stands shivering in the wet or
muddy barnyard, or is treated to the luxury
of a snow bank for a bed. She eats straw
and corn fodder, with an occasional frozen
pumpkin. And yet she is expected to
yield daily gallons of that most indispensable article of food, milk. Is it strange
that she grows poor, or that her calf
is unthrifty? If we have no compassion
for the cattle, and disregard the divine
command to treat them with kindness,
considerations of pecuniary interest ought
to correct this cruel and inhuman practice.
A cow that is poorly fed cannot give
much milk,'nor milk of a good quality, for
the plain reason that, it is among the most
nutritious of all the substances we consume,
and cannot therefore*be manufactured
from food that does not contain nutritious
elements.
Some farmers instruct their wives that
" corn must not be fed to the cows because
it dries them up." But the women—God
bless them!—have compassion upon the
kind and docile animal upon whose system
such severe drafts are Deing constantly
made, and therefore insist upon furnishing
food that will repair this waste.
High feeding of cows in milk pays as well
asgenerous feeding for steers. Let us see.
Milk sells readily in the country villages
for four cents a quart, while in the cities it
brings a higher price. Suppose the cow to
give three gallons a day, we have 48 cents,
or something over $14 per month, as the
value of her product. What other animal
will make such generous returns for food,
care, and generous feeding.
If we consider the profits resulting from
raising the calves for steers, we shall have
reasons equally conclusive in favor of generous keep. Whether markets be good or
bad, the well kept steer, in good form and of
good quality, always sells at a profit to the
Breeder. But we cannot have good form,
good condition, and good quality where the
calf was not properly started. A runted
calf becomes "paunchy" and unthrifty, a
form which subsequent good keep will seldom correct.
The true principle therefore is, if we
regard the matter only in a pecuniary point
best to have the lambs come early or late,
but I do say it is best to have them fat;
then, whether early or late, they are salable.
All ewes that, with good care,' will not
raise a lamb and shear four pounds washed
wool, should be sold._ I have them in my*
flock that will shear nine pounds, and raise
a pair of twins, and it costs no more to
keep one than a sheep that shears only
three pounds. I think no one will hear
the man that keeps his flock in this way,
complaining because his sheep are "run
out" and do not pay, and the like.
Ticks must be kept out of the flock;
they are the worst enemy of the sheep.
If they are not killed they will destroy the
sheep. For killing them I have never
tried anything better than strong tobacco
juice. Give the lambs a dip before they are
turned to grass, and again a few days after
shearing, as the ticks leave the old sheep
then and go on to the lambs. This will
kill most of them. If any remain until
winter, take some tobacco juice, made
warm, and pour it along the back, and let
it soak in tne wool, and most of the ticks
will be destroyed. If these directions are
followed, no one need apprehend any
serious difficulty with ticks; but at best
there will always be some;—Cors Country
Gentleman. ■   *...'•■' •
IMPROVED
AND    UNIMPROVED
PIGS.
HOW TO DRIVE A HORSE.
Mr. J. Harris, one ofthe best authorities, thus discourses upon this important
subject:
What do we mean by an improved breed
of pigs? Usually we mean a breed that
has fine bone and little offal. A breed that
is very quiet and will turn the food it eats
into flesh and fat. It is a breed that will
eat and digest a stomach full of rich: food
and assimilate it. As a rule the weak spot
in all high-bred pigs is that their digestive
powers are not as good as their assimilating powers. They can assimilate more
food than they can digest. On the other
hand, our common, coarse, unimproved
hogs can usually eat and digest more food
Young man, I see you are about to take
a drive this morning, and will offer you
some advice. Your horse is restive and
wants to be off before you are ready; you
may as well break him of this now as at
any other time, and hereafter you will
find it has been a half-hour well spent.
Just give me the reins while you put your
foot on the step as if to get in ; the horse
makes a move to go ; I tighten the reins
and say " Whoa." Now put your foot on
the step again; the horse makes another
move ; I hold the reins and speak to him
again. The horse is getting excited.
Pat him a little on the neck and talk to
him soothingly. Put your foot on the step
again, and repeat this process until the
horse will stand still for you to get in and
adjust yourself in your seat and tell him
to go. A few such lessons will train him so
that he will always wait for your order
before starting.
Now, as your horse has just been fed,
drive him at a gentle pace for the first two
or three miles, until he warms up and his
body becomes lighter. But before you
start let me show you how to hold the reins.
Take them in your left hand, have them
pf equal length from the bit, and
to cross each other in your hand, the offside one resting on your first finger, the
back of the hand upward. Now, in guiding the horse you nave only to nse the
wrist joint, which will direct him either
right or left, as you wish. Keep your arm
steady, with a gentle pressure on the bit,
no jerking or switching of the reins. If
more speed'is wanted, take the whip in
your right hand to be gently used for that
purpose; be careful not to apply it any
der than is necessary to bring him up
At the meeting of the Board of Trustees
held last week, the committee on Organization made the following appointments:
That Prof. Hougham be assigned to the
chair of physics and industrial mechanics.
That Prof. Morgan be assigned to the
chair of mathematics and engineering.
ThatProf. John Hussy be assigned to
the chair of botany and horticulture.
That Prof. Harvey W. Wiley, of Irving-
ton, Indiana, be tendered the appointment
Of professor of chemistry.
That Eli F. Brown, of Richmond, Indiana, be tendered the appointment of
professor of English literature and drawing.
That the departments not above assigned
be for the present distributed among said
five professors as the same may be arranged
and agreed upon by them and the president.
The board ordered the erection of two
barns; one to cost $5,000, the other $700.
It was also ordered that lamp posts be
erected at suitable points on the university
grounds.
A great deal of business was transacted
preparatory to the opening of the university, September 17.
The Hon. M. S. Pierce gave another
$1,000, to be used for the establishment
of a botanical garden. Mr. Pierce had
already given over $2,000 for this purpose.
The scho'ol and departments ot the university have been arranged as follows:
I. School of Natural Science.—1. Physics
and Industrial Mechanics. 2. Chemistry. 3.
Natural History.
II. School of Engineering.—1. Civil Engineering. 2. Mining Engineering. 3. Architecture.
III. School of Agriculture.—1. Agriculture—Theoretical and Practical. 2. Horticulture.   3.   Veterinary Science.
IV. School of Military Science.
A thorough course of mathematical
instruction will be given in the above
schools. The German and English languages; also, free hand and mechanical
drawing will be prominent studies in the
schools of natural science, engineering and
military science.
It is the intention ofthe board to make
the instruction thoroughly practical. To
accomplish this, extensive and well-selected engineering, chemical and philosophical apparatus has been provided; and
the geological and mineralogical cabinets
formerly belonging to Dr. Richard Owen
have been purchased and placed in the
institution. An appropriation has been
made to purchase books for a reference
library.
The institution, as is known, is located
on a farm of one hundred and eighty acres,
one mile west of Lafayette. The buildings now completed are a laboratory,
boarding-house, dormitory, work-shop,
engine-house, and a military hall and
gymnasium. The first three of these are
heated with steam, and lighted by gas
manufactured on the premises.
Candidates for admission must be of
good moral character and at least sixteen
years of age, and be able to pass a satisfactory examination in Orthography, English
Grammar, Geography, Arithmetic, History of the United States, and Algebra to
Quadratic Equations.
A preparatory school will, however, be
organized, to which students may be admitted, provided their proficiency is such
as to enable them to pass the entrance examination to a regular course within one
to the required speed. Speak to him sooth
irigly, and intimate inthe most gentle manner what you want him to do, and he will
try to do it. So noble an animal should
not be handled roughly nor over-driven.
When you return, have the harness removed at once, and the horse rubbed down
with a wisp of straw or hay. Give him a
bite of grass or hay, and let him cool ofi
before he is wattercd or fed. Every one
who handles a horse or has anything to do
"\     -'Or
year.
The University will be open for the reception of students September 16, 1874.
Examination for admission and classification of students will take place Thursday
and Friday, September 10 and 17. First
term will close December 16,1874. Second
term will begin January 5, 1875. Second
term will close March 26, 1875. Third
term will begin" March 29, 1875. Third
term will end June 18, 1875.
The expenses to be incurred by students
will be as follows:
Tuition of residents of this State Free
Tuition of residents of other States per year..*** 00
Matriculation fee for full course  10 00
Koom rent, fuel and light, per term    5 00
Janitor and fee for incidentals    5 00
Board, per week    3 ■*>l
Washing, per dozen       **■">
Any additional information that maybe
desired can be obtained by addressing the
President, A. C. Shortridge.
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