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VOL. LXVI INDIANAPOLIS, MARCH 2, 1912 NO. 9 Get Ready for the Spring Battle Insect Pests of the Farm I'ltUIT TREE INSECTS ANI> THI* SPRAY TO KILL THEM. THK FIELD AND UARDEN PESTS AND HOW TO DESTROY THEM. Not long ago C. II. Baldwin, State Entomologist, in speaking before a in liner's institute said that the fight against insect pests would be made comparatively simple if the habits and life history of the insects were known. Tho time has past when a man sprayed without knowing what insect or disease he was battling against or knowing just why he was spraying at that particular time other than be- eause the spray calendar said to. The up-to-date man studies the "why" of the thing in order to get the best results in the fight not only in the or- e hard but with the vegetable and field erops as well. For this reason we desire to mention some of the most common pests that attack the crops of this state in the hope of making some of eeur readers more familiar with them :ind thus enabling them to bo more ■nceessful in applying remedies. Two Classes of Insects. There are so many insects and diseases of plants that a complete study of them would require more space than we could give. To make the study more simple, all insects may be divided into two 1 lasses, tho biting and the sucking in- •ts, which If properly understood will help a great deal in knowing how lo make proper attacks. The biting "r chewing insects may be destroyed by applying some form of stomach poison, such as Paris green and others that contain arsenic, upon the foliage of the plant where it will be eaten. s'>nie Examples Killed by Spraying. 1'xamples of this class of insects are 'he potato bug, tomato worm, cut norm, and larva of the codlin moth. The either class, which a poison will "ot affect because the insects suck the ■eut of the plant rather than eat any part of the surface where poison •night be applied, must be handled with contact sprays, the most common "r these being lime-sulphur, kerosene ' mulsion and oil sprays. All such inlets breathe through small pores in ">c body, and the sprays mentioned above kill them by making a film of "ii or soap, which when it com pletely covers them, shuts out all air '"id suffocates them. Examples of this class are the sealo insects, plant lice '""1 chinch bug. Tlie Snn Jose Scale. The most destructive of this class of '"■eels, and of all insects perhaps, is ■"**» San Jose Scale. It has become so r,J*ivmon that a description is hardly "ecessary. They can be noticed on ""* limbs, especially the twigs, of fees by very small, nearly round, dark r°wn scales. In cold winters many of them are killed but those left breed *° 'apidly that a tree In one season may be entirely covered by them. Al though they may be attacked with whale oil soap solution when the foliage is on the tree the most practical, and by far tho most effective, remedy is a thorough spraying with lime-sul- iod is pa.ssed in the egg stage and the shells are comparatively thick, lime sulphur is sometimes not effective. Where- the attack is not spread, whitewash treatment is good. The Woolly Aphis Pest. The' ehief and must dangerous Insect in this class that attacks the roots Woolly Aphis on Branch of Apple Tree. phur during the dormant period of tho tree's growth. The Bark Scale. The scurfy bark scale which affects apple and pear trees may be treated with the same remedies as for San Jose Scale. Its life history is similar tn that of the scale also. Although a common pest in nearly every apple orchard, it does not ordinarily do great damage. They are white in color, arc oval or long and slender in shape and look as if they were covercel with flaky particles. Oyster-Shell Scale. The oyster-shell scale gets its name from its shape, which resembles an oyster shell. They are small and are usually about the same color as the bark upon which they rest. The life history of this insect is similar to that of other scales, but as the winter per- of fruit trees, especially the apple, is the woolly aphis. It is common on young trees and is sometimes present before the tree is planted. The result of its attacks are galls on the roots which sometimes cause the trees death. The insect ls a small, reddish leeusc which secrets a cottony substance over the body. In tho spring they attack the branches causing large wounds anel swellings on the small Unites. On the branches they may be sprayed with kerosene or whale oil soap, the latter is best if the pest has spread. On the root3 the problem is more difficult. The soil may be removed about the crown and four to six pounds of tobacco dust scattered about and the soil put back. Hot water poured about the crown is sometimes effective. Also about three ounces of carbon bisulphide poured in each of three or four holes made near the ln- festeel roots. Vegetable Insects. Among vegetables, apides or plant lie e are the most common pests of this class. Gardens are seldom free from their attacks, and cabbage and like crops, melons, cucumbers, peas ete\ suffer severely in some season. Thero are several kinds of apides but the host known are the very small soft h.eeiie-d, green kind. When young they have no Wings hut later they develop eene and then two pairs of wings anel spread about the garden. They are hard insects to combat lee- cause tho foliage upon which they are usually feeunel is see tender that any peine dies that might be used will cause- injury to the plants. In small fielels a satisfactory remedy is to cover affected hills with a tub or bucket anil evaporate beneath it carbon bisulphide at the rate of a tablespoonful per tub. If tho under side of the leaves can he reached spraying with kerosene emul- sieui and soap solutions is effective. A successful melon grower of this state finds it pays him to get screen caps or de ernes about ten inches in diameter made of line mesh wire. These he places over the vines as soon as they are above ground. The initial expense, he says, may be great but tho caps last fur many years and insures many e'l'ieps against aphis aftacks. The Tree Insect Pests. There are several kinds of borers which attack the roots and in some cases the limbs of trees and cereal crops The peach tree borer is tlie most common. Their presence is determined by the wax or jelly like gum which exudes as a result of their work. They should be picked out early In the spring witli a knife and the trunk of the tree wrapped with short paper or washed with soft soap during the summer to prevent the beetles from pass- up into the tree. The Codlin Moth Of the class of biting insects the worst enemy to fruit growers Is the codlin moth which is the cause of nearly all of our wormy apples. The moths deposit their eggs In the calyx of the apple just as tho blossoms fall. Here the worms hatch and eat their way into the apple where they live until they are ready to change Into a moth stage. They then leave the fruit, spin a cocoon about themselves, and soon emerge as moths. This is the second brood which begin Immediately to lay more eggs. The flrst brood should be sprayed when the petals are falling and before the calyx closes. The ideal time Is after the petals have fallen but there is fear then that the calyx has closed thus protecting the insee-t. On large orchards this spraying should begin when the petals are about twee thirds off. It Is necessary to spray a second time for the second brood of those insects but If the first spraying is done properly at least 85 per cent of the worms will be destroyed. For other spring and summer spraying, a mist is best but this one is the exception. Use a coarse and excessive spray with high pressure ln order to force the poison inside the calyx. The Spray Material to Use. The spray for this insect, and In fact
Object Description
Title | Indiana farmer, 1912, v. 67, no. 09 (Mar. 2) |
Purdue Identification Number | INFA6709 |
Date of Original | 1912 |
Subjects (LCSH) |
Agriculture Farm management Horticulture Agricultural machinery |
Subjects (NALT) |
agriculture farm management horticulture agricultural machinery and equipment |
Genre | Periodical |
Call Number of Original | 630.5 In2 |
Location of Original | Hicks Repository |
Coverage | United States - Indiana |
Type | text |
Format | JP2 |
Language | eng |
Collection Title | Indiana Farmer |
Rights Statement | Content in the Indiana Farmer Collection is in the public domain (published before 1923) or lacks a known copyright holder. Digital images in the collection may be used for educational, non-commercial, or not-for-profit purposes. |
Repository | Purdue University Libraries |
Date Digitized | 2011-04-14 |
Digitization Information | Original scanned at 300 ppi on a Bookeye 3 scanner using internal software. Display images generated in CONTENTdm as JP2000s; file format for archival copy is uncompressed TIF format. |
Description
Title | Page 1 |
Subjects (LCSH) |
Agriculture Farm management Horticulture Agricultural machinery |
Subjects (NALT) |
agriculture farm management horticulture agricultural machinery and equipment |
Genre | Periodical |
Call Number of Original | 630.5 In2 |
Location of Original | Hicks Repository |
Coverage | Indiana |
Type | text |
Format | JP2 |
Language | eng |
Collection Title | Indiana Farmer |
Rights Statement | Content in the Indiana Farmer Collection is in the public domain (published before 1923) or lacks a known copyright holder. Digital images in the collection may be used for educational, non-commercial, or non-for-profit purposes. |
Repository | Purdue University Libraries |
Digitization Information | Orignal scanned at 300 ppi on a Bookeye 3 scanner using internal software. Display images generated in CONTENTdm as JP2000s; file format for archival copy is uncompressed TIF format. |
Transcript | VOL. LXVI INDIANAPOLIS, MARCH 2, 1912 NO. 9 Get Ready for the Spring Battle Insect Pests of the Farm I'ltUIT TREE INSECTS ANI> THI* SPRAY TO KILL THEM. THK FIELD AND UARDEN PESTS AND HOW TO DESTROY THEM. Not long ago C. II. Baldwin, State Entomologist, in speaking before a in liner's institute said that the fight against insect pests would be made comparatively simple if the habits and life history of the insects were known. Tho time has past when a man sprayed without knowing what insect or disease he was battling against or knowing just why he was spraying at that particular time other than be- eause the spray calendar said to. The up-to-date man studies the "why" of the thing in order to get the best results in the fight not only in the or- e hard but with the vegetable and field erops as well. For this reason we desire to mention some of the most common pests that attack the crops of this state in the hope of making some of eeur readers more familiar with them :ind thus enabling them to bo more ■nceessful in applying remedies. Two Classes of Insects. There are so many insects and diseases of plants that a complete study of them would require more space than we could give. To make the study more simple, all insects may be divided into two 1 lasses, tho biting and the sucking in- •ts, which If properly understood will help a great deal in knowing how lo make proper attacks. The biting "r chewing insects may be destroyed by applying some form of stomach poison, such as Paris green and others that contain arsenic, upon the foliage of the plant where it will be eaten. s'>nie Examples Killed by Spraying. 1'xamples of this class of insects are 'he potato bug, tomato worm, cut norm, and larva of the codlin moth. The either class, which a poison will "ot affect because the insects suck the ■eut of the plant rather than eat any part of the surface where poison •night be applied, must be handled with contact sprays, the most common "r these being lime-sulphur, kerosene ' mulsion and oil sprays. All such inlets breathe through small pores in ">c body, and the sprays mentioned above kill them by making a film of "ii or soap, which when it com pletely covers them, shuts out all air '"id suffocates them. Examples of this class are the sealo insects, plant lice '""1 chinch bug. Tlie Snn Jose Scale. The most destructive of this class of '"■eels, and of all insects perhaps, is ■"**» San Jose Scale. It has become so r,J*ivmon that a description is hardly "ecessary. They can be noticed on ""* limbs, especially the twigs, of fees by very small, nearly round, dark r°wn scales. In cold winters many of them are killed but those left breed *° 'apidly that a tree In one season may be entirely covered by them. Al though they may be attacked with whale oil soap solution when the foliage is on the tree the most practical, and by far tho most effective, remedy is a thorough spraying with lime-sul- iod is pa.ssed in the egg stage and the shells are comparatively thick, lime sulphur is sometimes not effective. Where- the attack is not spread, whitewash treatment is good. The Woolly Aphis Pest. The' ehief and must dangerous Insect in this class that attacks the roots Woolly Aphis on Branch of Apple Tree. phur during the dormant period of tho tree's growth. The Bark Scale. The scurfy bark scale which affects apple and pear trees may be treated with the same remedies as for San Jose Scale. Its life history is similar tn that of the scale also. Although a common pest in nearly every apple orchard, it does not ordinarily do great damage. They are white in color, arc oval or long and slender in shape and look as if they were covercel with flaky particles. Oyster-Shell Scale. The oyster-shell scale gets its name from its shape, which resembles an oyster shell. They are small and are usually about the same color as the bark upon which they rest. The life history of this insect is similar to that of other scales, but as the winter per- of fruit trees, especially the apple, is the woolly aphis. It is common on young trees and is sometimes present before the tree is planted. The result of its attacks are galls on the roots which sometimes cause the trees death. The insect ls a small, reddish leeusc which secrets a cottony substance over the body. In tho spring they attack the branches causing large wounds anel swellings on the small Unites. On the branches they may be sprayed with kerosene or whale oil soap, the latter is best if the pest has spread. On the root3 the problem is more difficult. The soil may be removed about the crown and four to six pounds of tobacco dust scattered about and the soil put back. Hot water poured about the crown is sometimes effective. Also about three ounces of carbon bisulphide poured in each of three or four holes made near the ln- festeel roots. Vegetable Insects. Among vegetables, apides or plant lie e are the most common pests of this class. Gardens are seldom free from their attacks, and cabbage and like crops, melons, cucumbers, peas ete\ suffer severely in some season. Thero are several kinds of apides but the host known are the very small soft h.eeiie-d, green kind. When young they have no Wings hut later they develop eene and then two pairs of wings anel spread about the garden. They are hard insects to combat lee- cause tho foliage upon which they are usually feeunel is see tender that any peine dies that might be used will cause- injury to the plants. In small fielels a satisfactory remedy is to cover affected hills with a tub or bucket anil evaporate beneath it carbon bisulphide at the rate of a tablespoonful per tub. If tho under side of the leaves can he reached spraying with kerosene emul- sieui and soap solutions is effective. A successful melon grower of this state finds it pays him to get screen caps or de ernes about ten inches in diameter made of line mesh wire. These he places over the vines as soon as they are above ground. The initial expense, he says, may be great but tho caps last fur many years and insures many e'l'ieps against aphis aftacks. The Tree Insect Pests. There are several kinds of borers which attack the roots and in some cases the limbs of trees and cereal crops The peach tree borer is tlie most common. Their presence is determined by the wax or jelly like gum which exudes as a result of their work. They should be picked out early In the spring witli a knife and the trunk of the tree wrapped with short paper or washed with soft soap during the summer to prevent the beetles from pass- up into the tree. The Codlin Moth Of the class of biting insects the worst enemy to fruit growers Is the codlin moth which is the cause of nearly all of our wormy apples. The moths deposit their eggs In the calyx of the apple just as tho blossoms fall. Here the worms hatch and eat their way into the apple where they live until they are ready to change Into a moth stage. They then leave the fruit, spin a cocoon about themselves, and soon emerge as moths. This is the second brood which begin Immediately to lay more eggs. The flrst brood should be sprayed when the petals are falling and before the calyx closes. The ideal time Is after the petals have fallen but there is fear then that the calyx has closed thus protecting the insee-t. On large orchards this spraying should begin when the petals are about twee thirds off. It Is necessary to spray a second time for the second brood of those insects but If the first spraying is done properly at least 85 per cent of the worms will be destroyed. For other spring and summer spraying, a mist is best but this one is the exception. Use a coarse and excessive spray with high pressure ln order to force the poison inside the calyx. The Spray Material to Use. The spray for this insect, and In fact |
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