Page 1 |
Previous | 1 of 20 | Next |
|
|
Loading content ...
VOL. LXIII INDIANAPOLIS, MARCH 28, 1908. NO. 13 — — Harm School --Natural Oas. Walter S. Smith. 1 had it from my favorite authority, Dr. R. T. Brown, that the natural gas will not give out. His theory was propounded in the first years of the discovery, when the State gas inspector was figuring up thsj "judgment day" of the commodity at eighteen months ahead. I remember how oracular the inspector's prophecies seemed, and how severely the general public was distressed. It was that that called out the doctor's pronouncement. He reasoned as follows: "Natural gas is carburetted hydrogen. and hydrogen is one of the two elements of water. Every tyro in chemistry remembers "H20,"—2 equivalents of hydrogen to one of oxygen. These simples are two gases, quite different in nature, which unite chemically aud makes a body not in the least resembling either of them. it is a liquid known over the globe in various conditons, and covering from two-fifths to three-fourths of its entire surface. When I say it is a liquid, I mean in its most common form. It is changed by heat into steam, and by cold (the loss of lient,) iuto ice. But whether ice, water, or steam it is the same chemical compound, made up of oxygen and hydrogen. These gases unite with a loud explosion when run together and affected by certain influences, like heat or electricity; but a heat great enough will cause them to separate. That is, when steam is superheated, to a few hundred degrees the hydrogen and oxygen lose their mutual affinity, and like a badly married couple they separate. Hydrogen is a very light gas and oxygen is very heavy, gaseously speaking. Moreover, oxygen is "polygamously inclined," and will readily unite with most other substances. So the hydrogen rises, through all apertures and cracks, and the oxygen unites with whatever comes near it. The light gas comes up through strata of carbon that nature long ago deposited, and takes on that element forming carburetted hydrogen, readily distinguishable by its odor. If in its upward course it strikes no carbon stratus, it comes up without the odor. The odorless gas is also a smokeless gas. There are extensive fields of it in the Ij nited States; one of them at Waldron, Indiana. Now for Dr. Brown's theory: 1. The interior of the earth is in a Molten state, and its fires are more intense in their heat than we can possihly imagines. 2. The crust of the earth is only a thin shell about the melted body. But this shell is made of rock. •>■ In the process of cooling, the rocky "hell is cracked, in places, and through these cracks the waters, everywhere present on and near the surface, seep down to Portions heated to a white heat, but ni>t reduced to a melted condition. There, water springs at once into steam, and steam is superheated, so as to break up the affinity of the two gases. The hydrogen "*", until it strikes a stratum it cannot Penetrate. There it accumulates, until its Wewmre disturbs the solid crust and gives <•» earthquakes. Volcanoes are only vents ' . >neh vshieh the gases escape, often nvmg before them showers of Hshes and """!. fragments of stone and that melted •to«f called lava. *• Portions of the rocky crust are full of holes like the air cavities, in a loaf of bread. There is a stratum of rock that crops out at Trenton. N. J., called Trenton Kock. This stratum in Indiana is eight hundred to a thousand feet under the surface. This rock baring the porous na- txre is filled with the rising hydrogen and, as it is overlaid with shales and clays and granites, impervious to the gas, it stays imprisoned until the shales, etc., are bored through. With 800 feet above, the pressure b too grent for the crust above to give way, and the gas accumulates till it can accumulate no longer, and then it rolls sill I (- tween the crust and the melted body, and the waves in the .fiery sea produce the quakes. There is commonly a volcanic eruption at In either case the formation uf gas may be going on, and its exhaustion not at all likely. Birds uf the Uardcn By Grace Eby. This great country is exceedingly rii h in liirsls of song and beauty. The Uuited States can truly boast of a larger variety .si charming birds than any other region on the globe. In the merry spring time we may listen to a concert of music which nowhere tinils its rival. Without these jubilant and cheerful songsters Nature would seem to us lifeless aud dead. Our birds art the true poets of the landscape imbuing woodland and meadow, orchard and field with gay happiness and songs. A Farm Home of S. C. Mc Conn, Hendricks, County, Ind. the time of an earthquake; so scientific men generally believe both are due to the same cause. The "shooting" of a well is a process of breaking the Trenton Rock, so as to al low the gas in all contiguous cavities, to come together and find vent in the bored channel. The pressure is sometimes so great that it is difficult to anchor the casings. Sometimes tbe roaring and trembling of the earth arc so great as to be perceived a mile or more from the well. Dr. Brown's notion seems to be proving true: to-wit, that the supply is inexhaustible. Many old wells that were abandoned years ago are coming back into usefulness. They cast up a carbon deposit, crude kerosene, in fact, that crystallizes inside the tubes; and the passage is thus cut off while there is an abundance of gas. With this cleaned out, and arrangements perfected for the separating of the gas from the water that often becomes bothersome, r.lmost any old well cnn be made worth saving. There is another theory that to me seems more reasonable than the doctor's. That is, that the interior fires are driving off the carburetted hydrogen from the soft coal and making anthracite. Anthracite is the same as coke, except that it is solid and coke is porous. If coke were submitted to millions of pounds of pressure while in the process of cokeing, it would be pressed into a s.ilis] body. Such a condition can easily be conceived of, by supposing coal measures under the Trenton rock and near the heat. The anthracite we now use may have been made in the far back ages when the fiery interior was nearer the surface. sympathetic sentiment is created in the heart of every feeling person by the innocent life of the happy birds. Tliey must attract the attention of even the most casual observer. A rich vegetation, and consequently an abundant supply of insects is necessary to bring bird life to its greatest perfection. The bobolink, one of our most enchanting songsters, is the poet of the low, flower adorned meadow. The cheerful redwing blackbird enlivens the sedge covered sloughs nnd swamps, and the social yellow headed blackbird was once very common in the prairie marshes of Illinois. All the deciduous woodlands of the middle states hear the sweet e-o-lie of the wood thrush. The true homes of the richly-colored scis- sor-tailed flycatcher are the live oak and rnesqnite prairies of Texas. Although the gardens of the northern and eastern parts of onr country possess a large number of fiue songsters, they cannot compare with those of the south Atlantic and Gulf States, where that "king of song," the mockingbird, from night to morn and from morn to night pours forth his beautiful and characteristic music, ever new and never tiring. This bird is the jewel among our song birds, and, according to the best judges of Uermany, it finds not its equal either in tbat country or any other. In the East only one species of hamming birds buzz from flower to flower, wliile a dczen or more occnr west of the Rocky mountains. The purple martin, the largest and most beautiful of the swallow cril.ss. J4j not an agreeable companion, but is extremely useful as a destrssyer of in- seels, which exclusively constitute its food, ami as a protection to the farmer from lu.wks and crows, as one of these predatory birds dare uot approach the vicinity of a pair, mueh less a colony of purple martins. lf onr birds were only held in esteem and our boys taught to love the birds and nut delight in robbing their nests, our gar- .Is us. orchards and parks would be populated by happy and useful songsters. We ought to be proud of the fact that our bluebird, beautiful and lovable, is encouraged to seek human society in Europe; also the semi-domesticated robin redbreast is invited. Goethe, somewhere or other, makes ssne of his characters declare that, "it is a mark of a motley, dissipated sort of life, to be able to endure monkeys, and parrots and black people about one's self." I disagree with him, and favor the saying of Sydney Smith, tliat wittiest of divines, who with a more kindly appreciation of "Pretty Poll," remarks: "I think no house is well fitted up in the country without people of all ages. There shouhl be an old man or woman to pet; a parrot, a child, a monkey; something as the French say "to love and dispise." The mily member of the parrot family found in the United States is the Carolina parrot or parrakeet. Its general hue is a light green, with purple tinges on the wi. rich yellow on the upper part of the neck, and a patch of orange red on the forehead. Many years ago when our Southern and Western States were sparsely settled, this parrot was very abundant in those parts of the country ranging from Florida up through Tennessee and Kentucky to Ohio, and even to Michigan. In early times large flocks of these birds were to be met with on the Ohio river. Now they are seldom found east of the Mississippi. Stoma of our oldest inhabitants relate how in the autumn these birds would fall on the grain- stacks and commit great ravages. The farmer would take revenge upon his de- spoilers and thus they have been extermin- atesl. The question now is, what shall be done v.-ith the "English sparrow," a bird infested with small lice which are carried to various poultry houses; a bird which is very destructive and does not warble a very pleasing note. This is the only bird I have not felt kindly towrards. Let me hear from some of my readers through this paper what they think about it. —We remember seeing a large flock of parrokeets in the Wabash bottom in Vermillion county, when a boy, some 65 years ago. We must offer a bounty on English sparrow scalps. Besides being a nui sance and a pest they carry the San Jose scale from tree to tree and orchard to orchard. Rape for Pasture. Editors Indiana Farmer: I would like to ask a few questions about rape pasture. Where can one buy the seed, and what does it cost? How much does one sow to the acre? If sown this spring cnn it be pastured this siuing? Does it grow something like onts? A. C. B. Walton. Ind. —Any of the seedsmen who advertise with us oan furnish rape seed; the cost varies with the amount purchased from 6 to 12 cents a pound. Sow from 3 to 5 pounds per acre. Drill from 2 to 3 pounds per acre. Sow in May or June. It may be pastured two months after sowing. It is not at all like oats.
Object Description
Title | Indiana farmer, 1908, v. 63, no. 13 (Mar. 28) |
Purdue Identification Number | INFA6313 |
Date of Original | 1908 |
Subjects (LCSH) |
Agriculture Farm management Horticulture Agricultural machinery |
Subjects (NALT) |
agriculture farm management horticulture agricultural machinery and equipment |
Genre | Periodical |
Call Number of Original | 630.5 In2 |
Location of Original | Hicks Repository |
Coverage | United States - Indiana |
Type | text |
Format | JP2 |
Language | eng |
Collection Title | Indiana Farmer |
Rights Statement | Content in the Indiana Farmer Collection is in the public domain (published before 1923) or lacks a known copyright holder. Digital images in the collection may be used for educational, non-commercial, or not-for-profit purposes. |
Repository | Purdue University Libraries |
Date Digitized | 2011-03-23 |
Digitization Information | Original scanned at 300 ppi on a Bookeye 3 scanner using internal software. Display images generated in CONTENTdm as JP2000s; file format for archival copy is uncompressed TIF format. |
Description
Title | Page 1 |
Subjects (LCSH) |
Agriculture Farm management Horticulture Agricultural machinery |
Subjects (NALT) |
agriculture farm management horticulture agricultural machinery and equipment |
Genre | Periodical |
Call Number of Original | 630.5 In2 |
Location of Original | Hicks Repository |
Coverage | Indiana |
Type | text |
Format | JP2 |
Language | eng |
Collection Title | Indiana Farmer |
Rights Statement | Content in the Indiana Farmer Collection is in the public domain (published before 1923) or lacks a known copyright holder. Digital images in the collection may be used for educational, non-commercial, or non-for-profit purposes. |
Repository | Purdue University Libraries |
Digitization Information | Orignal scanned at 300 ppi on a Bookeye 3 scanner using internal software. Display images generated in CONTENTdm as JP2000s; file format for archival copy is uncompressed TIF format. |
Transcript | VOL. LXIII INDIANAPOLIS, MARCH 28, 1908. NO. 13 — — Harm School --Natural Oas. Walter S. Smith. 1 had it from my favorite authority, Dr. R. T. Brown, that the natural gas will not give out. His theory was propounded in the first years of the discovery, when the State gas inspector was figuring up thsj "judgment day" of the commodity at eighteen months ahead. I remember how oracular the inspector's prophecies seemed, and how severely the general public was distressed. It was that that called out the doctor's pronouncement. He reasoned as follows: "Natural gas is carburetted hydrogen. and hydrogen is one of the two elements of water. Every tyro in chemistry remembers "H20,"—2 equivalents of hydrogen to one of oxygen. These simples are two gases, quite different in nature, which unite chemically aud makes a body not in the least resembling either of them. it is a liquid known over the globe in various conditons, and covering from two-fifths to three-fourths of its entire surface. When I say it is a liquid, I mean in its most common form. It is changed by heat into steam, and by cold (the loss of lient,) iuto ice. But whether ice, water, or steam it is the same chemical compound, made up of oxygen and hydrogen. These gases unite with a loud explosion when run together and affected by certain influences, like heat or electricity; but a heat great enough will cause them to separate. That is, when steam is superheated, to a few hundred degrees the hydrogen and oxygen lose their mutual affinity, and like a badly married couple they separate. Hydrogen is a very light gas and oxygen is very heavy, gaseously speaking. Moreover, oxygen is "polygamously inclined," and will readily unite with most other substances. So the hydrogen rises, through all apertures and cracks, and the oxygen unites with whatever comes near it. The light gas comes up through strata of carbon that nature long ago deposited, and takes on that element forming carburetted hydrogen, readily distinguishable by its odor. If in its upward course it strikes no carbon stratus, it comes up without the odor. The odorless gas is also a smokeless gas. There are extensive fields of it in the Ij nited States; one of them at Waldron, Indiana. Now for Dr. Brown's theory: 1. The interior of the earth is in a Molten state, and its fires are more intense in their heat than we can possihly imagines. 2. The crust of the earth is only a thin shell about the melted body. But this shell is made of rock. •>■ In the process of cooling, the rocky "hell is cracked, in places, and through these cracks the waters, everywhere present on and near the surface, seep down to Portions heated to a white heat, but ni>t reduced to a melted condition. There, water springs at once into steam, and steam is superheated, so as to break up the affinity of the two gases. The hydrogen "*", until it strikes a stratum it cannot Penetrate. There it accumulates, until its Wewmre disturbs the solid crust and gives <•» earthquakes. Volcanoes are only vents ' . >neh vshieh the gases escape, often nvmg before them showers of Hshes and """!. fragments of stone and that melted •to«f called lava. *• Portions of the rocky crust are full of holes like the air cavities, in a loaf of bread. There is a stratum of rock that crops out at Trenton. N. J., called Trenton Kock. This stratum in Indiana is eight hundred to a thousand feet under the surface. This rock baring the porous na- txre is filled with the rising hydrogen and, as it is overlaid with shales and clays and granites, impervious to the gas, it stays imprisoned until the shales, etc., are bored through. With 800 feet above, the pressure b too grent for the crust above to give way, and the gas accumulates till it can accumulate no longer, and then it rolls sill I (- tween the crust and the melted body, and the waves in the .fiery sea produce the quakes. There is commonly a volcanic eruption at In either case the formation uf gas may be going on, and its exhaustion not at all likely. Birds uf the Uardcn By Grace Eby. This great country is exceedingly rii h in liirsls of song and beauty. The Uuited States can truly boast of a larger variety .si charming birds than any other region on the globe. In the merry spring time we may listen to a concert of music which nowhere tinils its rival. Without these jubilant and cheerful songsters Nature would seem to us lifeless aud dead. Our birds art the true poets of the landscape imbuing woodland and meadow, orchard and field with gay happiness and songs. A Farm Home of S. C. Mc Conn, Hendricks, County, Ind. the time of an earthquake; so scientific men generally believe both are due to the same cause. The "shooting" of a well is a process of breaking the Trenton Rock, so as to al low the gas in all contiguous cavities, to come together and find vent in the bored channel. The pressure is sometimes so great that it is difficult to anchor the casings. Sometimes tbe roaring and trembling of the earth arc so great as to be perceived a mile or more from the well. Dr. Brown's notion seems to be proving true: to-wit, that the supply is inexhaustible. Many old wells that were abandoned years ago are coming back into usefulness. They cast up a carbon deposit, crude kerosene, in fact, that crystallizes inside the tubes; and the passage is thus cut off while there is an abundance of gas. With this cleaned out, and arrangements perfected for the separating of the gas from the water that often becomes bothersome, r.lmost any old well cnn be made worth saving. There is another theory that to me seems more reasonable than the doctor's. That is, that the interior fires are driving off the carburetted hydrogen from the soft coal and making anthracite. Anthracite is the same as coke, except that it is solid and coke is porous. If coke were submitted to millions of pounds of pressure while in the process of cokeing, it would be pressed into a s.ilis] body. Such a condition can easily be conceived of, by supposing coal measures under the Trenton rock and near the heat. The anthracite we now use may have been made in the far back ages when the fiery interior was nearer the surface. sympathetic sentiment is created in the heart of every feeling person by the innocent life of the happy birds. Tliey must attract the attention of even the most casual observer. A rich vegetation, and consequently an abundant supply of insects is necessary to bring bird life to its greatest perfection. The bobolink, one of our most enchanting songsters, is the poet of the low, flower adorned meadow. The cheerful redwing blackbird enlivens the sedge covered sloughs nnd swamps, and the social yellow headed blackbird was once very common in the prairie marshes of Illinois. All the deciduous woodlands of the middle states hear the sweet e-o-lie of the wood thrush. The true homes of the richly-colored scis- sor-tailed flycatcher are the live oak and rnesqnite prairies of Texas. Although the gardens of the northern and eastern parts of onr country possess a large number of fiue songsters, they cannot compare with those of the south Atlantic and Gulf States, where that "king of song," the mockingbird, from night to morn and from morn to night pours forth his beautiful and characteristic music, ever new and never tiring. This bird is the jewel among our song birds, and, according to the best judges of Uermany, it finds not its equal either in tbat country or any other. In the East only one species of hamming birds buzz from flower to flower, wliile a dczen or more occnr west of the Rocky mountains. The purple martin, the largest and most beautiful of the swallow cril.ss. J4j not an agreeable companion, but is extremely useful as a destrssyer of in- seels, which exclusively constitute its food, ami as a protection to the farmer from lu.wks and crows, as one of these predatory birds dare uot approach the vicinity of a pair, mueh less a colony of purple martins. lf onr birds were only held in esteem and our boys taught to love the birds and nut delight in robbing their nests, our gar- .Is us. orchards and parks would be populated by happy and useful songsters. We ought to be proud of the fact that our bluebird, beautiful and lovable, is encouraged to seek human society in Europe; also the semi-domesticated robin redbreast is invited. Goethe, somewhere or other, makes ssne of his characters declare that, "it is a mark of a motley, dissipated sort of life, to be able to endure monkeys, and parrots and black people about one's self." I disagree with him, and favor the saying of Sydney Smith, tliat wittiest of divines, who with a more kindly appreciation of "Pretty Poll," remarks: "I think no house is well fitted up in the country without people of all ages. There shouhl be an old man or woman to pet; a parrot, a child, a monkey; something as the French say "to love and dispise." The mily member of the parrot family found in the United States is the Carolina parrot or parrakeet. Its general hue is a light green, with purple tinges on the wi. rich yellow on the upper part of the neck, and a patch of orange red on the forehead. Many years ago when our Southern and Western States were sparsely settled, this parrot was very abundant in those parts of the country ranging from Florida up through Tennessee and Kentucky to Ohio, and even to Michigan. In early times large flocks of these birds were to be met with on the Ohio river. Now they are seldom found east of the Mississippi. Stoma of our oldest inhabitants relate how in the autumn these birds would fall on the grain- stacks and commit great ravages. The farmer would take revenge upon his de- spoilers and thus they have been extermin- atesl. The question now is, what shall be done v.-ith the "English sparrow," a bird infested with small lice which are carried to various poultry houses; a bird which is very destructive and does not warble a very pleasing note. This is the only bird I have not felt kindly towrards. Let me hear from some of my readers through this paper what they think about it. —We remember seeing a large flock of parrokeets in the Wabash bottom in Vermillion county, when a boy, some 65 years ago. We must offer a bounty on English sparrow scalps. Besides being a nui sance and a pest they carry the San Jose scale from tree to tree and orchard to orchard. Rape for Pasture. Editors Indiana Farmer: I would like to ask a few questions about rape pasture. Where can one buy the seed, and what does it cost? How much does one sow to the acre? If sown this spring cnn it be pastured this siuing? Does it grow something like onts? A. C. B. Walton. Ind. —Any of the seedsmen who advertise with us oan furnish rape seed; the cost varies with the amount purchased from 6 to 12 cents a pound. Sow from 3 to 5 pounds per acre. Drill from 2 to 3 pounds per acre. Sow in May or June. It may be pastured two months after sowing. It is not at all like oats. |
Tags
Comments
Post a Comment for Page 1