~i—r"rr
RURAL ARCHITECTURE.
No.  3
.Continued.
Tke furnace must be located as near
tke central part of basement as possible
sc as to equalize the length of pipes, if
say difference making those to north and
west the shortest, as these two sides of
ksuse axe the most difficult to heat. The
light of furnace and depth.of basement
asust be such that no pipes will hare less
tban one inch rise in every foot of run.
Some of the very shortest pipes may give
Jair service with less grade. The sectional area of pipes must be varied according to size of room and hight of ceiling.
Pipes leading to second floor should have
a sectional area equal to one-half or five-
eights those running to first floor, where
Iscation is similar.
The velocity of air coming from fur-
sace is reduced by enlarging the area of
pipe just before it passes out through
kegister. This area is usually double that
•f pipes.
Always use the double pipes for conveying hot air through walls to second
stsry.
Basement pipes should always be
a. rapped with some non-combustable material to save the heat.
Features favorable to hot air heating
are as  follows: The cheapest of  any
mechanical system. Economy of fuel.
Equal distribution of heat, and better
ventilation.
If plant is properly installed and
equipped, as well as carefully operated,
good results are obtained. If not everything goes wrong.
— Steam Heating. —
If steam heating a boiler is used to convey steam at low pressure through pipes
»e radiators as required in different parts
of the house, and air passing over these
hot radiators is warmed the same as when
it comes in contact with a stove.
Automatic dampers supposed to regulate the steam pressure so as to roduce
an equal temperature for hours at a
time.
Radiators are proportioned to suit the
size and location of rooms, and are placed
siirectly in front of a window if possible,
because this is naturally the coldest point
hi the room.
Terms of radiation are direct and indirect. Direct radiation warms just the
same as a stove. Indirect radiation
warms the air by first passing over a heat-
«d surface and thence into the room. This
latter feature is much to be preffered en
account of ventilation afforded.
As this indirect ventilating feature Is
most always unsuccessful, and as the
plant is expensive to install, besides being
very complicated, and always getting out
•f order, unless an engineer is employed
to constantly watch it, I do not recommend its use for beating residences.
— Hot Water Heating. —
In hot wnter heating the boiler is similar to the steam  heater,    only  the pipes
• re filled with water instead of steam.
The fire under the boiler causes the
Water to circulate through the pipes to
the radiators, which warm the rooms in
same manner ns in steam  heating.
After the wnter passes through radiators it begins to cool nnd  passes through
* continual circuit of pipes, back to the
heater again.
" i'h a thermometer on the heater and
et-nsidernhle  experience,   one  may   obtain
y uniform    degree of    temperature.
t cost is not prohibative, it is
claimed that this is the best system for
residence heating. But to me the argu
ment is all in fivor of the "hot air system."
As before stated, the pre-eminent advantage possessed by the furnace is its
ventilating power. A large volume of
air is taken directly from out doors, and
after passing over the heating surface In
immediately passed into the rooms, where
it not only serves to warm the rooms but
plies to all ceilings, the vent for second
story to open into attic, which in turn
should be vented through ample latticed
ventilators in gable or dormer windows:
ii< ne of which should be closed only temporarily. All window sash should l.e
hung with spring balances or weights and
cords, by means of which an ample supply
of fresh air can be had at all times. Never
allow the windows to be entirely closed
no matter how cold it may be. Personally I prefer my sleeping quarters to be
Sweepstakes Ear of Corn, Purdue Corn   Show,  Jan.  1908.
Stout, Joh nson, County.
Exhibited    by  H.  M.
with
xreat amount of trouble.
Sweepstakes Ten Ears Yellow Corn, Pur
Harvey Gray
due Corn Show, Jan. 1908.
Cass County.
Exhibited by
promotes the    health of    the    occupants,
on account of its purity.
There are two features of special importance in connection with the supply of
cold air. First don't allow heating contractors to persuade you that it is best to
tnke supply of air from hall vestibule or
some vacant room about the house. They
do this because it makes it easier to hent
the house, and not because it is to your
best interests.
It is best to have a furnace of one-third
greater capacity than is required for ordinary cases, have it put in on a guarantee, (one that is legal and binding) and
never let the contract to the lowest bidder
simply to save a few dollars in first cost.
Second have the eold air duct as direct
as possible, and so arranged that the air
suptply cnn never be completely shut off.
Then you will always have fresh air for
ventilation.
Tt is therefore evident that the heating
system that affords, and insures a constant snpply of fresh air is the best one
to adopt
.._.-    ' — Ventilation. —
Some ir irt.nit features of ventilation
have already been mentioned in connection with heating, bnt as the period in
which artificial' "heating is required does
not extend thruout the year, we wili
need to notice the importance of ventilation in mild weather, in mid-summer.
Every ceiling shonld have a register
with one square inch of sectional nren for
every square foot of floor area.      This ap-
as near outdoors as is possible in the winter time ond by all means, entirely outdoors in the summer. To many tills
may look a little radical, but there is
every reason to believe in the health-giving and vitalizing power of absolutely
pure air, especially when we are asleep,
which represents about one-tiird of our
life-time.
With plenty of bed clothing and a night
cr.p, one cnn sleep comfortably out doors
iu zero weather, and be immune from
colds in any form.
A good plan for sleeping out doors is to
inclose the porch with muslin simply to
ft rm a screen and keep out the snow and
driving rain. One of my near neighbors
is curing himself of tuberculosis by living
and sleeping in a tent all tbe time.
Benton Steele, Architect
Pendleton, Ind
To be continued
POPLAR AND THE BLACK LOCUST
Editors Indiana Farmer:
I do not commend the Carolina poplar
as a shade tree, for it is not a good
shade: lseing mean to clean after, and its
roots much inclined to get into sewers and
ditches.
We have better shade trees, but I
think of a matter that is well worth
studying. All our newspapers, magazines, many of our books anil writing tab
lets are built out of wood, so far as the
substance is concerned.
There    are    prophetic    whispers of    a
wood-pulp famine in the near future; and
I have thought of artificial groves of ths
Carolina poplar. The wood is soft, like
the cotton wood, already extensively used,
and it is white and free from knote or
kinks. It grows anywheres and its
quick development is greatly in its favor.
Tbe chief impediment to its propagation
for shade in the cities would be a point in
its favor on a worn-out field;
for the falling of leaves all summer would
be good for the soil.
So let the father plant all the rough
ground, except an orchard tract; all the
seepy ground, all the crawfish land and
all the roadside fence-rows in Carolina,
for the sons to cut, in twenty or more
years, for the pulp market.
Then can be put near enough together
to cover the ground with shade or far
enough apart to grow grass between them.
The latter would be better; for then there
would be a nicely shaded pasture. Moreover, the trees would make body faster
by having plenty of lateral branches.
Planted too close the growth is chiefly upward, in nature's effort to find the fight,
and  the laterals fail.
If argument were necessary, let it be
known that the pulp-producing trees a'e
becoming scarce. The mills that produce the white paper, used in good printing are consuming large areas of the wood
pulp timber every day. The President
in his late message commended the admission of such timber from Canada and
elsewhere free of American duty. This
act from a Republican authority signifies
much; for the party is unreservedly committed  to tariff protection.
I am not instructed whether the Carolina poplar would make good paper; but
it belongs to the cottonwood family, and
there cnn scarcely be a doubt at that
point.
I find enumerated in an old Chamber*!
Encyclopedia, forty-eight substances out
of which paper is made, besides the papyrus. For the curiosity of it I will hand
the readers a few:
Asbestos, banana fiber, bean stalks,
fresh water weeds, hops, corn shucks,
moss, nettles, pea vines, saw dust, thistles and wood.
The use of rags, cotton fiber, silk and
wool were the chief sources until the demand became so great that these materials were insufficient, and impracticable
on account of their cost.
The discovery that good and bright
paper may be made of wood, and that it
comes that way far cheaper than from
rags, gave a new impulse to the trade;
end much machinery has been devised for
the reduction of this material to pulp.
Straw pulp can be combined with it; reducing the cost still lower, and it is going
tn be a calamity for our tamarack, cotton
wood, tulip and hemlock groves to fail.
Since the unpopular Carolina poplar ia
so good a grower, it might prove the solution, so soon to be needed, of the wood-
pulp  problem.
From one tree a thousand branches
may be taken, nnd a large per cent of
these will grow by merely pushing them
down into the earth, when the ground
is soft in the spring.
My prophesy is that he who plants a
grove now will provide a paying crop for
the next generation.
— As To The Locust. —
If we hnd blnck locusts growing, they
would meet a need that is approaching all
too fnst. Fence posts, nnd telegraph nnd
telephone    poles    are    already     growing