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i\ -'i ..im^tf{£& i/t^*y * '■ t"'• -*/r '*' ' "".'"' Devoted to Agriculture, Horticuture,; Mechanibs and the TJsefiil .Arts. -VOLUME VI. RICHMOITD, . A.TJC|TTST, 1867- NUMBEB VIII. .-■-.ti %\i Indiana farmer: EDITED.B-S- ; P. Holloway, and "W. T. Dennis. '. TERMB OP THE .FARMER.. - O ne Copy, per volume 50 Cents. -sX~rPAT)I*Nr TO Bt HAD* IltVAEIABLY IN ADVANCE.."]) .Bills of all spool* paying Banks and postage stamps ' received at par. Subscription money, properly endorsed may be mailed at onr risk. Address, . ,; -HOLLOWAY fc CO.. Publisher! Indiana Farmer, Richmond, Ind. iV - ■ '- TERMS OF ADV.ERTISINQ: Advertisements wlll.be inserted in this sheet for ten cents per line for the: first insertion, and uve cent? per line for each subsequent'insertion. Labor-saving Tools and Methods. -If any of our.readers should desire to T- k**ow liQ***_that princeof scientific farmers, Prof." J. ji Mapes, p^ce«d*1n;hii:S^A> tions, they may read tbo following. We cannot say that his practice will, at the present time, suit the farmers of Indiana, but they may learn something from it, nevertheless: -'; "In former numbers we have devoted much space to descriptions. of' improved tools, and generally in connection with their modes pf use. We continue, however, to receive great numbers of letters, asking questions in relation to processes embracing the use of these' tools, and we now propose tb recapitulate. our methods of cultivating st-vt-i.. of the crops, so far as relates to im- p e* tools and their uses. V Potatoes.—The soil is first prepared by the use of the Digging Machine, which leaves it thoroughly disintegrated to a depth of 16 inches, reversing only the upper 5 inches, which, by the operation of the Digger, is much disturbed and thoroughly mixed. In this, of course, is the phosphates, or other manures used. We then strike out our rows with a double-mould- board plow, to a depth of 9 inches from the top of its own furrow, being 6 inches from the level of the soil. In these rows we place the potatoes, and then cover with a V of wood, made of two pieces of plank 4 feet long; the open part of the V towards the horse, and the point of the V removed so as to leave an open space. This drags-in both furrows left by the two-way plow covering the potatoes, nnd leaving the whole surface of the field flat. Should any weeds appear between the rows before the potato plants are above ground, Knox's Horse Hoe should be run through between them, so set as to peel two inches off the surface-soil, which being "carried over the centre V of steel, and comb attached, will leave all the weeds on the surface to be destroyed by the sun's heat. As soon as the potato plants are above ground, and the whole surface free of weeds, a small Lifting Sub-soil Plow should be passed to full depth half-way between the rows. This will render the whole soil to the potato-row soft, and each plant loose in its bed, withont abrading its roots. No other • cultivation will be required than running the Horse Hoe between the rows as often as any weeds may appear, and thus keeping tlie ground, clean, and its immediate surface all free-in texture. As soon as the potato plants blossom, .this operation may be discontinued, as no further disturbance of the soil is then proper. By this mode of fiat cultivation, and by* the use of 500 lbs. of nitrogenized super-phosphate of Lime to the acre in one part of our farm, and 600 lbs. of potash super-phosphate ot Lime in another part, we last year raised 250 bushels of Mammoth Nutmeg Potatoes per acre. One-third of-the manure was applied in the drill at the time of planting one- third at' the time nf first disturbance with the Horse-hoe, and the remainder at the time of second disturbance. „,....;.•.-*•''''■ '' Mode of Gathering the Crop.—The Potato Digger, made like a two-way plow, the mould-boards being in ribs, open at their rear, and extending a long way back, fso as to form gradually inclined planes, may be' used with a team straddling the row, while the Digger passes beneath it. If this tool be properly constructed, every-potato will b§ (*faised, f"pe f~~pin soil, and; *§jep-i*-ite^ra^. the side, so as to" bei'easily' gSthtSeuf ,n'~,''',;"'' ' "Carrots and Parsnips—Preparation of the Seed-—Place the seeds in . a bag, and 'bury it in moist soil; examine it every few Jays, and when the seeds are found to be wollen.4hey are ready for use. Mix them with dry sand, and sow from a seed drill in rows 18 inches apart. They should never be placed more than halt an inch beneath' the surface, or they will rot and not grow. If much less than half an inch, they may be baked by the sun's heat. Before sowing, they should be mixed with a small quantity of Long Scarlet Radish seed, which will germinate in 48 houis, and mark the rows. "Preparation of tlie Soil before Seeding.: —This should be extremely thorough. If the field has been previously sub-soiled, the Digger is used.* ; If not it is deeply surface- plowed, following the furrow with a lifting sub soil plow drawn by a separate team, thoroughly disintegrating the sub-soil to 12 inches below the bottom of the surface- plowed furrow. After this treatment the land is harrowed and rolled before seeding, but when prepared by the Digging-machine neither harrowing or rolling is necessary. "Cultivation ofthe Crop.—Should any weeds appear between the rows, before the Carrots are above ground, the rows being clearly discernible by the Radishes will enable the farmer to use the Carrot Weeder, drawn by one horse or mule. This is a V of steel, attached to a beam whieh passes two or three inches beneath the surface, to the whole width of the space between the rows, leaving every weed with its root exposed' on the surface of the soil, to be wilted by tbe sun. The leaves of the Radishes shade the Carrot seed, and permit very shallow sowing. The long tap-root of the Radish supplies moisture; the • pulling of Radishes gives full disturbance of - the soil in the rows. If the Radishes are not wanted, they may be destroyed in place by Eassing a light roller over them, so as to urst their crowns. - This may be done as soon as the Carrots show themselves at the surface of the soil. The roller will not injure the Carrots, but will cause the decay of the Radishes, and thus supply to Parsnips or Carrots the necessary amount of moisture, food, -fee. As soon as the Carrots ,* X'UsDIki}.*. ast;. Itlss.j. u..,tiiii..»u, *..' ,..-, a clearly visible, tho Lifting Sub-soil Plu (uethorije) should be-, passed between t! iws'A Tliis treatme.it will not only rem r , ie soil fine, but also lift thc, rows half. .ch.br less, as if .a mole were running 1\ aath"** them. This lifting being from a <-pth:iof Ii inches by upward tendemy 'ill.loosen the soil about the roots with ui orading them. The after, cultivation < on- ■ts'siutyl-' thHhinning the Carrots or P.. ' . lips, if-'necessary, and in running the Oa . .tOleairer between the rows, so as to kei- le'fsurfuce entirely free from weeds. B *r«Hinj» the methods described, the cnl' vatl"'"~ of an Acre of roif* is no more exp- - sive'b' trn*ib'-»inme tl an lint of cultiva ng an acre of corn.-.-• ;' ".Gathering the Carrot Crop.—Run a sur- faciplow, wuli the land-side one or twu inches from the first row in the field. Then follow with a Lifting Sub-soil Plow, the team straddling the row, and this plow ap •died to the.opposite side of the row. They .vill thus 1)4 lifted and so upset that thej janiWviSly picked up without the use ot th-^spSfftsor'ft.ii\ti'~Ijv-most.toils the sub- soil.plojr alone may be used for tills purpose, but if .the soil be very hard and clayey, the surface-plow will be required to turn off a heavy fuifrow every third row; the rest of tlie work being done by the sub-soil plow. By such nieans we raised last year a thousand bushels of Carrots to the acre, and a still larger amount of Parsnips. Being near a large market, our Radishes nsed in the rows were pulled and sold for a sum greater than'tha Nvhole expense of manure and cultivation*' "Berls.—These may be cnltivjited in the same Manner as has been described for Carrots asp Parsnips; the only difference being tliapireparation of the seed, and the ab- sencei"f.the necessity of Radish seed being sown hfttween them. Beet seed being contained'in shells, in pairs, should be slightly soaked, unless the ground be moist at the time of sowing. This will assist their germination. The after cultivation should be simil.Tlr to that detailed above. ■- Oorn.—In striking out for Corn, after the usual general preparation of tho land, we tie the Lifting Sub-soil Plow, run to the full <?epth, and in two directions, so that the interjections mark the places for the hills, and leceive double disturbance. AVe then use i n ordinary Cow Planter, and proceed iu tlia after cultivation as follows: When the ] lants are two inches high, we run a smal Lifting Sub-soil Plow, drawn by one hors C half-way between the hills in one direi tion. As soon as weeds appear, or in in tme'to prevent them from so doing, j Knox's Horse Hoe is used ; thus keeping I the ground disturbed and clean of weeds, running it in the same direction as the small Subsoil Plow first used. After a few days shall havo elapsed, run the small Lifting Sub-soil Plow between the hills in the other direction, and soon after use Knox's Horse Hoe ai' before, but following the direction of dfe' last Sub-soil Plow. The Com should notjbe hilled, but the surface of the ground | ought frequently to be disturbed, and kept entirely free from weeds by the use of the Horse Hoe. If the Corn-hills be in straight lines, this instrument may be ran so close as to'do away with the necessity of the use ofthe hand-hoe. We raised last year 110 bushels of shelled Corn to the acre by such treatment. The above crops were fertilized with either nitrogenized or potash Superphosphate of Lime ; one-third-being applied, at the time of planting or sowing, and one- third at the first, and the remainder at the second disturbance of the soil—the phosphates being previously mixed for two days with five or six times their bulk of damp soil.- . ' J .'■'.-•■ "Cabbage, Lettuce, and every kind of garden and field crop, may be treated similar to the above; but in'soils habitually wet, this economic mode of treatment cannot be readily pursued. In such cases thorough drainage is necessary, as sub-soil plowing is seldom effective in wet soils. The different tools referred to" may bo seen on our place on Saturday of each week. • With the foregoing facts clearly established in our practice, we feel constrained to advise those of our readers who live near large markets, where Carrots, Beets, Parsnips, Potatoes, &c, may be sold in almost unlimited quantities, that such' crops will pay much larger profits than those whish'are usually denom- '■ mated staple crops, such as Corn. Wheat, Rye," Oats, &<#'**nd;even^thosa' who* -f'r*--i not near large markets should: grow so much of roots as they can feed judiciously. The dairy-man and cattle-breeder may winter animals with larger profit by raising a fair proportion of root crops. Indeed, half the Corn and half the Oats now fed to cattle might be replaced with Carrots, to their manifest advantage, and with greater profit to the owner; while milch-cows and fatting oxen will consume profitably large amounts of Beets, Ruta Bagas, &c~ " The English Farmer and cattle-breeder always express surprise at our mode of feeding, for they know well that should they pursue a similar course, and repudiate the use of roots, as many of our farmers do, they could not continue the labors of their profession and be fully remunerated." Working Farmer. Origin of the Neshannock Potato. or Mercer Thk following interesting piece of information is contributed to the Prairie Farmer, by R. Buchanan, Esq., of Cincinnati. We hope that those who read Mr. R.'s article, will hereafter call this valuable potato by its right name: •■ It is a seedling of Western Pennsylvania, from, tbe banks of Neshannook Creek, in Mercer county—hance its name.. I am a native of Western Pennsylvania, and have been familiar with this potatoe from boyhood. It was first made known about fifty years ago, and was so highly valued that many persons took it over the mountains in their saddle-bags, on horseback, for seed. In that way it was also introduced into the vicinity of Pittsburgh, by the late Wm Anderson, who got it from the farm where it originated. "In the year 1792, a settlement was made on the waters of the Shenango, Neshannock, and Mahoning, principally by Scotch-Irish. The soil and climate were favorable to the growth of potatoes, and those from that region soon became celebrated—especially tho new-seedling, the Neshannock."
Object Description
Title | Indiana farmer, 1857, v. 06, no. 08 (Aug. 1) |
Purdue Identification Number | INFA0608 |
Date of Original | 1857 |
Subjects (LCSH) |
Agriculture Farm management Horticulture Agricultural machinery |
Subjects (NALT) |
agriculture farm management horticulture agricultural machinery and equipment |
Genre | Periodical |
Coverage | United States - Indiana |
Type | text |
Format | JP2 |
Language | eng |
Collection Title | Indiana Farmer |
Rights Statement | Content in the Indiana Farmer Collection is in the public domain (published before 1923) or lacks a known copyright holder. Digital images in the collection may be used for educational, non-commercial, or not-for-profit purposes. |
Repository | Indiana State Library |
Date Digitized | 2011-02-17 |
Digitization Information | Original scanned at 300 ppi on a Bookeye 3 scanner using internal software. Display images generated in CONTENTdm as JP2000s; file format for archival copy is uncompressed TIF format. |
Description
Title | Page 57 |
Subjects (LCSH) |
Agriculture Farm management Horticulture Agricultural machinery |
Subjects (NALT) |
agriculture farm management horticulture agricultural machinery and equipment |
Genre | Periodical |
Call Number of Original | 630.5 In2 |
Location of Original | Hicks Repository |
Coverage | Indiana |
Type | text |
Format | JP2 |
Language | eng |
Collection Title | Indiana Farmer |
Rights Statement | Content in the Indiana Farmer Collection is in the public domain (published before 1923) or lacks a known copyright holder. Digital images in the collection may be used for educational, non-commercial, or non-for-profit purposes. |
Repository | Purdue University Libraries |
Digitization Information | Orignal scanned at 300 ppi on a Bookeye 3 scanner using internal software. Display images generated in CONTENTdm as JP2000s; file format for archival copy is uncompressed TIF format. |
Transcript | i\ -'i ..im^tf{£& i/t^*y * '■ t"'• -*/r '*' ' "".'"' Devoted to Agriculture, Horticuture,; Mechanibs and the TJsefiil .Arts. -VOLUME VI. RICHMOITD, . A.TJC|TTST, 1867- NUMBEB VIII. .-■-.ti %\i Indiana farmer: EDITED.B-S- ; P. Holloway, and "W. T. Dennis. '. TERMB OP THE .FARMER.. - O ne Copy, per volume 50 Cents. -sX~rPAT)I*Nr TO Bt HAD* IltVAEIABLY IN ADVANCE.."]) .Bills of all spool* paying Banks and postage stamps ' received at par. Subscription money, properly endorsed may be mailed at onr risk. Address, . ,; -HOLLOWAY fc CO.. Publisher! Indiana Farmer, Richmond, Ind. iV - ■ '- TERMS OF ADV.ERTISINQ: Advertisements wlll.be inserted in this sheet for ten cents per line for the: first insertion, and uve cent? per line for each subsequent'insertion. Labor-saving Tools and Methods. -If any of our.readers should desire to T- k**ow liQ***_that princeof scientific farmers, Prof." J. ji Mapes, p^ce«d*1n;hii:S^A> tions, they may read tbo following. We cannot say that his practice will, at the present time, suit the farmers of Indiana, but they may learn something from it, nevertheless: -'; "In former numbers we have devoted much space to descriptions. of' improved tools, and generally in connection with their modes pf use. We continue, however, to receive great numbers of letters, asking questions in relation to processes embracing the use of these' tools, and we now propose tb recapitulate. our methods of cultivating st-vt-i.. of the crops, so far as relates to im- p e* tools and their uses. V Potatoes.—The soil is first prepared by the use of the Digging Machine, which leaves it thoroughly disintegrated to a depth of 16 inches, reversing only the upper 5 inches, which, by the operation of the Digger, is much disturbed and thoroughly mixed. In this, of course, is the phosphates, or other manures used. We then strike out our rows with a double-mould- board plow, to a depth of 9 inches from the top of its own furrow, being 6 inches from the level of the soil. In these rows we place the potatoes, and then cover with a V of wood, made of two pieces of plank 4 feet long; the open part of the V towards the horse, and the point of the V removed so as to leave an open space. This drags-in both furrows left by the two-way plow covering the potatoes, nnd leaving the whole surface of the field flat. Should any weeds appear between the rows before the potato plants are above ground, Knox's Horse Hoe should be run through between them, so set as to peel two inches off the surface-soil, which being "carried over the centre V of steel, and comb attached, will leave all the weeds on the surface to be destroyed by the sun's heat. As soon as the potato plants are above ground, and the whole surface free of weeds, a small Lifting Sub-soil Plow should be passed to full depth half-way between the rows. This will render the whole soil to the potato-row soft, and each plant loose in its bed, withont abrading its roots. No other • cultivation will be required than running the Horse Hoe between the rows as often as any weeds may appear, and thus keeping tlie ground, clean, and its immediate surface all free-in texture. As soon as the potato plants blossom, .this operation may be discontinued, as no further disturbance of the soil is then proper. By this mode of fiat cultivation, and by* the use of 500 lbs. of nitrogenized super-phosphate of Lime to the acre in one part of our farm, and 600 lbs. of potash super-phosphate ot Lime in another part, we last year raised 250 bushels of Mammoth Nutmeg Potatoes per acre. One-third of-the manure was applied in the drill at the time of planting one- third at' the time nf first disturbance with the Horse-hoe, and the remainder at the time of second disturbance. „,....;.•.-*•''''■ '' Mode of Gathering the Crop.—The Potato Digger, made like a two-way plow, the mould-boards being in ribs, open at their rear, and extending a long way back, fso as to form gradually inclined planes, may be' used with a team straddling the row, while the Digger passes beneath it. If this tool be properly constructed, every-potato will b§ (*faised, f"pe f~~pin soil, and; *§jep-i*-ite^ra^. the side, so as to" bei'easily' gSthtSeuf ,n'~,''',;"'' ' "Carrots and Parsnips—Preparation of the Seed-—Place the seeds in . a bag, and 'bury it in moist soil; examine it every few Jays, and when the seeds are found to be wollen.4hey are ready for use. Mix them with dry sand, and sow from a seed drill in rows 18 inches apart. They should never be placed more than halt an inch beneath' the surface, or they will rot and not grow. If much less than half an inch, they may be baked by the sun's heat. Before sowing, they should be mixed with a small quantity of Long Scarlet Radish seed, which will germinate in 48 houis, and mark the rows. "Preparation of tlie Soil before Seeding.: —This should be extremely thorough. If the field has been previously sub-soiled, the Digger is used.* ; If not it is deeply surface- plowed, following the furrow with a lifting sub soil plow drawn by a separate team, thoroughly disintegrating the sub-soil to 12 inches below the bottom of the surface- plowed furrow. After this treatment the land is harrowed and rolled before seeding, but when prepared by the Digging-machine neither harrowing or rolling is necessary. "Cultivation ofthe Crop.—Should any weeds appear between the rows, before the Carrots are above ground, the rows being clearly discernible by the Radishes will enable the farmer to use the Carrot Weeder, drawn by one horse or mule. This is a V of steel, attached to a beam whieh passes two or three inches beneath the surface, to the whole width of the space between the rows, leaving every weed with its root exposed' on the surface of the soil, to be wilted by tbe sun. The leaves of the Radishes shade the Carrot seed, and permit very shallow sowing. The long tap-root of the Radish supplies moisture; the • pulling of Radishes gives full disturbance of - the soil in the rows. If the Radishes are not wanted, they may be destroyed in place by Eassing a light roller over them, so as to urst their crowns. - This may be done as soon as the Carrots show themselves at the surface of the soil. The roller will not injure the Carrots, but will cause the decay of the Radishes, and thus supply to Parsnips or Carrots the necessary amount of moisture, food, -fee. As soon as the Carrots ,* X'UsDIki}.*. ast;. Itlss.j. u..,tiiii..»u, *..' ,..-, a clearly visible, tho Lifting Sub-soil Plu (uethorije) should be-, passed between t! iws'A Tliis treatme.it will not only rem r , ie soil fine, but also lift thc, rows half. .ch.br less, as if .a mole were running 1\ aath"** them. This lifting being from a <-pth:iof Ii inches by upward tendemy 'ill.loosen the soil about the roots with ui orading them. The after, cultivation < on- ■ts'siutyl-' thHhinning the Carrots or P.. ' . lips, if-'necessary, and in running the Oa . .tOleairer between the rows, so as to kei- le'fsurfuce entirely free from weeds. B *r«Hinj» the methods described, the cnl' vatl"'"~ of an Acre of roif* is no more exp- - sive'b' trn*ib'-»inme tl an lint of cultiva ng an acre of corn.-.-• ;' ".Gathering the Carrot Crop.—Run a sur- faciplow, wuli the land-side one or twu inches from the first row in the field. Then follow with a Lifting Sub-soil Plow, the team straddling the row, and this plow ap •died to the.opposite side of the row. They .vill thus 1)4 lifted and so upset that thej janiWviSly picked up without the use ot th-^spSfftsor'ft.ii\ti'~Ijv-most.toils the sub- soil.plojr alone may be used for tills purpose, but if .the soil be very hard and clayey, the surface-plow will be required to turn off a heavy fuifrow every third row; the rest of tlie work being done by the sub-soil plow. By such nieans we raised last year a thousand bushels of Carrots to the acre, and a still larger amount of Parsnips. Being near a large market, our Radishes nsed in the rows were pulled and sold for a sum greater than'tha Nvhole expense of manure and cultivation*' "Berls.—These may be cnltivjited in the same Manner as has been described for Carrots asp Parsnips; the only difference being tliapireparation of the seed, and the ab- sencei"f.the necessity of Radish seed being sown hfttween them. Beet seed being contained'in shells, in pairs, should be slightly soaked, unless the ground be moist at the time of sowing. This will assist their germination. The after cultivation should be simil.Tlr to that detailed above. ■- Oorn.—In striking out for Corn, after the usual general preparation of tho land, we tie the Lifting Sub-soil Plow, run to the full |
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