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VOL. XXIII. INDIANAPOLIS, IND., SATURDAY, MARCH 10,1888. NO. 10 ti OUB PRIZE ESSAY A LlttlB Fan Well TUlefl." —The following essay by Nelson E. - rt'oods, of Pecksburg, Hendricks county, was given second place on the list by our immittee.—Eds. There should be no material distinction n a little farm well tilled and a large one well tilled. As it should stand the one in hand who is the owner of a little farm, to raise all varieties of grain as well as all kinds of stock, so that he may be'ready to ell this or that grain, or this or that kind )f stock for the highest price. There is a ;reat difference however, in the cares on a mall and on a large farm. ■ The man with the little farm, in a gen- >ral sense, lives all at home, that is he is xmtented, is not worrying his mind how he stock are doing,this cold stormy night on the farm miles away; is not stinting himself and family of this or that thiDg in rder to raise money so that he may add, ohis now large farm, more land the coming year. A little farm can not be tilled with suc- ess without proper cultivation and care- ■J 'ul feeding, rotation of crops, thorough preparation of the soil before planting, inoving when to plant, planting good *ed and keeping no "more"stock than can ie properly housed in winter. Ground should not be broken deeper han six or seven inches for any crop un- ess subsoiled. The little farm may be divided into fields nd cultivated and rotated as follows, by jnumbering the fields one,two, three, four, and five. \ '. —,::„] - l0 be cultivated.!, „ ! field No. • to be cultivated In :. to be cultivated In 18.53 Oats. 1-88 Wheat. Wheat. 1889 Clover. 1S90 Clover. ■lo be cultivated in _ • •<> be cultlva- tM ln Clover. Corn. Corn, ■ Oats. 1890 Corn. 1890 Oats. 1890 Wheat. 1891 Corn. 1S91 Oats. 1891 Wheat. 1891 Clover. Pasture. Pasture. Pasture. Pasture. Ground should never be broken or larked when the dirt will pack. ' COBN GROUND sj">u_d be broken in the fall, or as early in , sPring as the ground is in proper con- jllon, and prepared for planting, and Planted from first to tenth of May if pos- 'We. Comes up quicker and more even Planted with a good corn planter, for the reason it u put in the same depth, and the lrt is packed or rolled on the kernels, smg more moisture to be retained near he surface, than if turned on loosely. w° inches is plenty deep to plant, but if *°°d seed, it will come up if planted'twice ^*t depth. Hill culture Is to be preferred __. *nse ^e corn can be kept clear of weeds "n less work, and is less liable to be •°wn down. hen the corn can be seen plainly across 9 fiel<1 the cultivation should at once ^mmence and be continued until the r/11. la in tassel, or partly so at least, Sh°g the corn clear of weeds- ado "uS™ 8nd l6T81 oumvaUon should be ... y*d and large plows should never be us^ in a cornfield. leY?rncan be overplowed, but it is very *eel_m d°ne- 0ne 8tirrlnS of the 80il a l)r ^^ k* sufficient, unless weedy. nghtcan be partially overcome by fre- ln^t Plowing. *«ed corn should be plucked before the orn toiii _ , ^ 'horn Crib' and nung up to dry U .v".81---*' before winter; it should never Celled until ready to plant, neat ground should be broken some weeks before time to sow so that it can settle well, it should be harrowed and put in fix as fast as plowed. The ground should be thoroughly pulverized before sowing, drilling \\i bushels per acre, from the 1st, to 15th of September. Ground should.be rolled immediately after sowing. It will be cheaper for the man with a little farm to hire his wheat cut with a self binder than to own one, or to cut his wheat any other way, as a binder saves almost enough more wheat than can be saved any other way to pay for cutting, and the interest on the money invested in a binder will cut his wheat without any wear or tear. Wheat should be stacked as soon as it will do, and when thrashed hauled directly to market, this saves handling twice, shrinkage, ratage, etc. Oats is a crop VERY PROFITABLY GROWN on a small farm. It makes the best feed when properly cured, cut and mixed with bran or corn meal for summer feeding for horses. Oats can be cut with a self binder, if bound in small bundles and set two in a place to partially cure before shocking. Farmers make a mistake in thrashing their entire crop. Oats ground should be broken in the fall and drilled or^sowed broadcast two bushels per acre in the month of March. If Oats is to follow corn thestalks should be-broken-down in the winter and after being sown as above run a disc harrow each way on the field and then roll. The season being favorable and ground properly enriched the crop will be insured. Clover is one of the most valuable crops to be grown on the farm. Its culture as a special crop is often found desirable both for hay or seed, and for plowing in as a preparation for other crops. A clover sod turned makes an excellent fertilizer for corn or wheat. It should be sown on wheat, oats, or rye ground in the spring. The clover may be pastured in the fall following, if it has made a rank growth, but otherwise it should be left on the ground. Calves and sheep are preferable for pasturing young clover. The next year it may be mowed for hay in June. The growth after the hay is. taken off furnishing a crop of seed, or abundant pasturage. If the ground requires it, it should be turned in the fall fortcorn instead of taking a crop of seed. 4 Common red clover if mown at the proper time and cured , without rain and too much sun and dew, will make the very best hay for cattle and sheep, and very good for horses if not fed constantly on it. Clover should be cut when in full bloom, when weather is dry and the dew is off. Before night it should be raked and made into small cocks, to stand until next day, when they should be turned or made over to air awhile, then hauled to the barn. Add to each large'load of hay, almost one bucket of salt. When in the barn cover well with clean straw. To make pasture land: One bushel and one-fourth of blue grass and orchard grass, of equal parts may be sown with wheat in the fall, eight pounds of common red' clover per acre, in the spri-i,;. All kinds of stock should be raised on the little farm and the surplus disposed of every year. It should at least support enough horses to carry on the farm work, enough cows to supply the family with milk and butter the year round, ot Ihogs a sufficient number to have some to sell and enough sheep to eat the surplus grass and haj. Sheep" 'are indispensable on any farm. If kept in small numbers they will supply the pocket-book with big returns for the money invested, and pay their way by destroying weeds and enriching tho soil. Colts and calves always Bell for enough, so that it will not pay to winter them. There is money in having sows, and pigs to sell, if there is not sufficient grain to rear and fatten. The farmer should keep in mind the importance of breeding good stock, as well as good poultry. Nothing is lost by judiciously spending money in the improvement of stock Fences kept in good repair will not only enhance the value of the farm but will induce others to do likewise. A limited amount of poultry can be kept on a little farm with pleasure and profit, but if allowed to roost on fences and in trees the income will be small. Last, but not least comes THE OKCIIARD, GARDEN AND LAWN. There should be on every little farm well tilled, a large orchard planted with good varieties from tho earliest to the latest kinds. The ground should be broken in the fall very deep, and the trees planted out in the spring as early as the ground is in condition. Trees should be set out as deep as they were in the nursery, but the holes ought to be dug two feet deep and three wide, and filled in with surface soil. The ground should be cultivated and kept clear of weeds and sods, and manured annually. There also mustbei)ears,plumsjeherries, raspberries and blackberries in the orchard. Raspberries and blackberries can be planted among the trees, in rows seven or eight feet apart and 134 feet in row. If the farm is small the garden should be large and in it should be cultivated strawberries, currants, gooseberries, potatoes, sweet corn, beans, cabbage, tomatoes, etc. Strawberries are planted out in the spring in rows four feet apart, cultivated' and kept clean and in matted rows. The lawn and door yard should be neatand inviting. Trees, shrubs and flowers should be planted so that the surroundings of the home will be attractive to all, even the birds. The outward surroundings of the home of any one are the truest indications of prosperity and intelligence, it matters not whether the dwelling is a mansion or cottage. The secret of success in farming or any other calling is slyly bound up in diligence and is in close alliance to duty. How One Farmer Grows Potatoes. Editors Indiana Farmer: In last week's paper you asked your Rushvllle correspondent to tell what varieties of potatoes he plants and how he plants and cultivates. If it is not out of order I will give my experience during the past season. The tirst thing to be considered is the soil. Potatoes should never be planted on land where water will stand very long. The ground should be naturally or artificially well drained. This drainage is not only beneficial in wet seasons but is the one thing above all others, together with thorough cultivation, that can carry a crop of any kind through such a drouth as we had last season. Last April I planted 5J-;. acres of what I consider ideal potato land. It is what is called second bottom river land, naturally well drained, and the soil a sandy clay loam. I plowed it 11 inches deep, turning under a partial crop of clover, marked it three and one half feet each way, followed the marker one way with a larg»- single shovel plow making deep furrows, and dropped two and three pieces of seed at each cross. By marking first I insure straight rows both ways. I used a double walking plow to cover with, taking off the outside and giving the inside shovels a ight turn toward the furrow. When clover is turned under, or there is tia.h of any kind in the soil, this plow will do the work while the one-horse bar share will choke every few .feet. I used the same plow to cultivate with, and plowed seven times, using bull tongues mostly, until the last plowing when I put large shovels on the outside shanks. I set the shovels so that the water was conveyed to the potato hill rather than from it. I plow as near the hill as 1 can without actually plowing the tubers loose, and always stop plowing when the vines indicate that they are nearly done growing. I am opposed to "hilling up," or planting one way as it always ends in hard soil, and your Rush- ville correspondent goes right to the heart of the matter when he says the tuber must have loose soil to expand in. I think March planting a little soon as the ground is so cold that there is great danger of the seed rotting even on well drained land. I believe in planting all kinds, early and late, at the same time and about the 10th of April is, I think, soon enough. From my 5Ji acres planted last April I dug 310 bushels of good potatoes. Two acres were planted in Early Ohio and the rest (except a few Lee's Favorite) in Magnum Bonum. The first is the favorite early potato, being from ten to twelve days earlier than Early Rose, and ripening in time to escape to a great extent the grub of tho Colorado beetle, which I believe to be able to eat more for its size than any other living thing. Magnum Bonum is a great yielder, and ripens any time from the middle of August.till the first of .October depending up?' on the rains. Last season it seemed barely to live for about six weeks, when occasional showers made it a good crop: yielding Vi more to the same amount of land than Early Ohio, but it is not of as good' quality as the latter. In ordinary seasons my crop would not be considered large, but last year the number of bushels raised meant about that many dollars. Yet had it not been for the good soil and cultiva- aion I would be in the same predicament that the most of our farmers find themselves this spring, viz., without seed. Ordinary seasons 80 bushels of potatoes to the acre is not a large yield while 40 bushels of corn is a fair return. The potato brings as much or more per bushel than corn. In the same lield where I grew this crop a man planted 12 acres in corn. The soil and general conditions were the same. lie gave thorough cultivation and raised about 20 bushels to the acre. I often wonder why farmers still presist in planting the entire field in corn, when there are thousands of bushels of potatoes being imported not only from the Canadian provinces but also from Germany and Scotland. X. Muncie. The Indiana Farmer has grown to be not only one of the best of agricultural papers, but an institution of great usefulness. It has established a system of agricultural statistics and of weather signals that is really more effective than those under the control of the State. Hon. John B. Conner, one of its editors, was at one time State Statistician, and the report he made is the fullest and most valuable ever published by the State; but, to use an expressive street phrase, he was "incontinently fired out" by the liquor interest because he compiled the statistics of the liquor traffic. The array of official figures was alarming. Besides its agricultural and statistical information, no paper in the State has done so much to educate the youth of the State to hate drunkenness and drunkaid-makers. It well deserves its immense circulation.—The Indiana Christian Advocate of March 1. A cyclone struck Newton, Kan., on the 1st, and, though lastingbut a few minutes, did, much serious damage. The total damage to property is estimated at $50,000. Two persons were kllled,and many others more or less seriously injured. ,
Object Description
Title | Indiana farmer, 1888, v. 23, no. 10 (Mar. 10) |
Purdue Identification Number | INFA2310 |
Date of Original | 1888 |
Subjects (LCSH) |
Agriculture Farm management Horticulture Agricultural machinery |
Subjects (NALT) |
agriculture farm management horticulture agricultural machinery and equipment |
Genre | Periodical |
Call Number of Original | 630.5 In2 |
Location of Original | Hicks Repository |
Coverage | United States - Indiana |
Type | text |
Format | JP2 |
Language | eng |
Collection Title | Indiana Farmer |
Rights Statement | Content in the Indiana Farmer Collection is in the public domain (published before 1923) or lacks a known copyright holder. Digital images in the collection may be used for educational, non-commercial, or not-for-profit purposes. |
Repository | Purdue University Libraries |
Date Digitized | 2010-11-30 |
Digitization Information | Original scanned at 300 ppi on a Bookeye 3 scanner using internal software. Display images generated in CONTENTdm as JP2000s; file format for archival copy is uncompressed TIF format. |
Description
Title | Page 1 |
Subjects (LCSH) |
Agriculture Farm management Horticulture Agricultural machinery |
Subjects (NALT) |
agriculture farm management horticulture agricultural machinery and equipment |
Genre | Periodical |
Call Number of Original | 630.5 In2 |
Location of Original | Hicks Repository |
Coverage | Indiana |
Type | text |
Format | JP2 |
Language | eng |
Collection Title | Indiana Farmer |
Rights Statement | Content in the Indiana Farmer Collection is in the public domain (published before 1923) or lacks a known copyright holder. Digital images in the collection may be used for educational, non-commercial, or non-for-profit purposes. |
Repository | Purdue University Libraries |
Digitization Information | Orignal scanned at 300 ppi on a Bookeye 3 scanner using internal software. Display images generated in CONTENTdm as JP2000s; file format for archival copy is uncompressed TIF format. |
Transcript | VOL. XXIII. INDIANAPOLIS, IND., SATURDAY, MARCH 10,1888. NO. 10 ti OUB PRIZE ESSAY A LlttlB Fan Well TUlefl." —The following essay by Nelson E. - rt'oods, of Pecksburg, Hendricks county, was given second place on the list by our immittee.—Eds. There should be no material distinction n a little farm well tilled and a large one well tilled. As it should stand the one in hand who is the owner of a little farm, to raise all varieties of grain as well as all kinds of stock, so that he may be'ready to ell this or that grain, or this or that kind )f stock for the highest price. There is a ;reat difference however, in the cares on a mall and on a large farm. ■ The man with the little farm, in a gen- >ral sense, lives all at home, that is he is xmtented, is not worrying his mind how he stock are doing,this cold stormy night on the farm miles away; is not stinting himself and family of this or that thiDg in rder to raise money so that he may add, ohis now large farm, more land the coming year. A little farm can not be tilled with suc- ess without proper cultivation and care- ■J 'ul feeding, rotation of crops, thorough preparation of the soil before planting, inoving when to plant, planting good *ed and keeping no "more"stock than can ie properly housed in winter. Ground should not be broken deeper han six or seven inches for any crop un- ess subsoiled. The little farm may be divided into fields nd cultivated and rotated as follows, by jnumbering the fields one,two, three, four, and five. \ '. —,::„] - l0 be cultivated.!, „ ! field No. • to be cultivated In :. to be cultivated In 18.53 Oats. 1-88 Wheat. Wheat. 1889 Clover. 1S90 Clover. ■lo be cultivated in _ • •<> be cultlva- tM ln Clover. Corn. Corn, ■ Oats. 1890 Corn. 1890 Oats. 1890 Wheat. 1891 Corn. 1S91 Oats. 1891 Wheat. 1891 Clover. Pasture. Pasture. Pasture. Pasture. Ground should never be broken or larked when the dirt will pack. ' COBN GROUND sj">u_d be broken in the fall, or as early in , sPring as the ground is in proper con- jllon, and prepared for planting, and Planted from first to tenth of May if pos- 'We. Comes up quicker and more even Planted with a good corn planter, for the reason it u put in the same depth, and the lrt is packed or rolled on the kernels, smg more moisture to be retained near he surface, than if turned on loosely. w° inches is plenty deep to plant, but if *°°d seed, it will come up if planted'twice ^*t depth. Hill culture Is to be preferred __. *nse ^e corn can be kept clear of weeds "n less work, and is less liable to be •°wn down. hen the corn can be seen plainly across 9 fiel<1 the cultivation should at once ^mmence and be continued until the r/11. la in tassel, or partly so at least, Sh°g the corn clear of weeds- ado "uS™ 8nd l6T81 oumvaUon should be ... y*d and large plows should never be us^ in a cornfield. leY?rncan be overplowed, but it is very *eel_m d°ne- 0ne 8tirrlnS of the 80il a l)r ^^ k* sufficient, unless weedy. nghtcan be partially overcome by fre- ln^t Plowing. *«ed corn should be plucked before the orn toiii _ , ^ 'horn Crib' and nung up to dry U .v".81---*' before winter; it should never Celled until ready to plant, neat ground should be broken some weeks before time to sow so that it can settle well, it should be harrowed and put in fix as fast as plowed. The ground should be thoroughly pulverized before sowing, drilling \\i bushels per acre, from the 1st, to 15th of September. Ground should.be rolled immediately after sowing. It will be cheaper for the man with a little farm to hire his wheat cut with a self binder than to own one, or to cut his wheat any other way, as a binder saves almost enough more wheat than can be saved any other way to pay for cutting, and the interest on the money invested in a binder will cut his wheat without any wear or tear. Wheat should be stacked as soon as it will do, and when thrashed hauled directly to market, this saves handling twice, shrinkage, ratage, etc. Oats is a crop VERY PROFITABLY GROWN on a small farm. It makes the best feed when properly cured, cut and mixed with bran or corn meal for summer feeding for horses. Oats can be cut with a self binder, if bound in small bundles and set two in a place to partially cure before shocking. Farmers make a mistake in thrashing their entire crop. Oats ground should be broken in the fall and drilled or^sowed broadcast two bushels per acre in the month of March. If Oats is to follow corn thestalks should be-broken-down in the winter and after being sown as above run a disc harrow each way on the field and then roll. The season being favorable and ground properly enriched the crop will be insured. Clover is one of the most valuable crops to be grown on the farm. Its culture as a special crop is often found desirable both for hay or seed, and for plowing in as a preparation for other crops. A clover sod turned makes an excellent fertilizer for corn or wheat. It should be sown on wheat, oats, or rye ground in the spring. The clover may be pastured in the fall following, if it has made a rank growth, but otherwise it should be left on the ground. Calves and sheep are preferable for pasturing young clover. The next year it may be mowed for hay in June. The growth after the hay is. taken off furnishing a crop of seed, or abundant pasturage. If the ground requires it, it should be turned in the fall fortcorn instead of taking a crop of seed. 4 Common red clover if mown at the proper time and cured , without rain and too much sun and dew, will make the very best hay for cattle and sheep, and very good for horses if not fed constantly on it. Clover should be cut when in full bloom, when weather is dry and the dew is off. Before night it should be raked and made into small cocks, to stand until next day, when they should be turned or made over to air awhile, then hauled to the barn. Add to each large'load of hay, almost one bucket of salt. When in the barn cover well with clean straw. To make pasture land: One bushel and one-fourth of blue grass and orchard grass, of equal parts may be sown with wheat in the fall, eight pounds of common red' clover per acre, in the spri-i,;. All kinds of stock should be raised on the little farm and the surplus disposed of every year. It should at least support enough horses to carry on the farm work, enough cows to supply the family with milk and butter the year round, ot Ihogs a sufficient number to have some to sell and enough sheep to eat the surplus grass and haj. Sheep" 'are indispensable on any farm. If kept in small numbers they will supply the pocket-book with big returns for the money invested, and pay their way by destroying weeds and enriching tho soil. Colts and calves always Bell for enough, so that it will not pay to winter them. There is money in having sows, and pigs to sell, if there is not sufficient grain to rear and fatten. The farmer should keep in mind the importance of breeding good stock, as well as good poultry. Nothing is lost by judiciously spending money in the improvement of stock Fences kept in good repair will not only enhance the value of the farm but will induce others to do likewise. A limited amount of poultry can be kept on a little farm with pleasure and profit, but if allowed to roost on fences and in trees the income will be small. Last, but not least comes THE OKCIIARD, GARDEN AND LAWN. There should be on every little farm well tilled, a large orchard planted with good varieties from tho earliest to the latest kinds. The ground should be broken in the fall very deep, and the trees planted out in the spring as early as the ground is in condition. Trees should be set out as deep as they were in the nursery, but the holes ought to be dug two feet deep and three wide, and filled in with surface soil. The ground should be cultivated and kept clear of weeds and sods, and manured annually. There also mustbei)ears,plumsjeherries, raspberries and blackberries in the orchard. Raspberries and blackberries can be planted among the trees, in rows seven or eight feet apart and 134 feet in row. If the farm is small the garden should be large and in it should be cultivated strawberries, currants, gooseberries, potatoes, sweet corn, beans, cabbage, tomatoes, etc. Strawberries are planted out in the spring in rows four feet apart, cultivated' and kept clean and in matted rows. The lawn and door yard should be neatand inviting. Trees, shrubs and flowers should be planted so that the surroundings of the home will be attractive to all, even the birds. The outward surroundings of the home of any one are the truest indications of prosperity and intelligence, it matters not whether the dwelling is a mansion or cottage. The secret of success in farming or any other calling is slyly bound up in diligence and is in close alliance to duty. How One Farmer Grows Potatoes. Editors Indiana Farmer: In last week's paper you asked your Rushvllle correspondent to tell what varieties of potatoes he plants and how he plants and cultivates. If it is not out of order I will give my experience during the past season. The tirst thing to be considered is the soil. Potatoes should never be planted on land where water will stand very long. The ground should be naturally or artificially well drained. This drainage is not only beneficial in wet seasons but is the one thing above all others, together with thorough cultivation, that can carry a crop of any kind through such a drouth as we had last season. Last April I planted 5J-;. acres of what I consider ideal potato land. It is what is called second bottom river land, naturally well drained, and the soil a sandy clay loam. I plowed it 11 inches deep, turning under a partial crop of clover, marked it three and one half feet each way, followed the marker one way with a larg»- single shovel plow making deep furrows, and dropped two and three pieces of seed at each cross. By marking first I insure straight rows both ways. I used a double walking plow to cover with, taking off the outside and giving the inside shovels a ight turn toward the furrow. When clover is turned under, or there is tia.h of any kind in the soil, this plow will do the work while the one-horse bar share will choke every few .feet. I used the same plow to cultivate with, and plowed seven times, using bull tongues mostly, until the last plowing when I put large shovels on the outside shanks. I set the shovels so that the water was conveyed to the potato hill rather than from it. I plow as near the hill as 1 can without actually plowing the tubers loose, and always stop plowing when the vines indicate that they are nearly done growing. I am opposed to "hilling up," or planting one way as it always ends in hard soil, and your Rush- ville correspondent goes right to the heart of the matter when he says the tuber must have loose soil to expand in. I think March planting a little soon as the ground is so cold that there is great danger of the seed rotting even on well drained land. I believe in planting all kinds, early and late, at the same time and about the 10th of April is, I think, soon enough. From my 5Ji acres planted last April I dug 310 bushels of good potatoes. Two acres were planted in Early Ohio and the rest (except a few Lee's Favorite) in Magnum Bonum. The first is the favorite early potato, being from ten to twelve days earlier than Early Rose, and ripening in time to escape to a great extent the grub of tho Colorado beetle, which I believe to be able to eat more for its size than any other living thing. Magnum Bonum is a great yielder, and ripens any time from the middle of August.till the first of .October depending up?' on the rains. Last season it seemed barely to live for about six weeks, when occasional showers made it a good crop: yielding Vi more to the same amount of land than Early Ohio, but it is not of as good' quality as the latter. In ordinary seasons my crop would not be considered large, but last year the number of bushels raised meant about that many dollars. Yet had it not been for the good soil and cultiva- aion I would be in the same predicament that the most of our farmers find themselves this spring, viz., without seed. Ordinary seasons 80 bushels of potatoes to the acre is not a large yield while 40 bushels of corn is a fair return. The potato brings as much or more per bushel than corn. In the same lield where I grew this crop a man planted 12 acres in corn. The soil and general conditions were the same. lie gave thorough cultivation and raised about 20 bushels to the acre. I often wonder why farmers still presist in planting the entire field in corn, when there are thousands of bushels of potatoes being imported not only from the Canadian provinces but also from Germany and Scotland. X. Muncie. The Indiana Farmer has grown to be not only one of the best of agricultural papers, but an institution of great usefulness. It has established a system of agricultural statistics and of weather signals that is really more effective than those under the control of the State. Hon. John B. Conner, one of its editors, was at one time State Statistician, and the report he made is the fullest and most valuable ever published by the State; but, to use an expressive street phrase, he was "incontinently fired out" by the liquor interest because he compiled the statistics of the liquor traffic. The array of official figures was alarming. Besides its agricultural and statistical information, no paper in the State has done so much to educate the youth of the State to hate drunkenness and drunkaid-makers. It well deserves its immense circulation.—The Indiana Christian Advocate of March 1. A cyclone struck Newton, Kan., on the 1st, and, though lastingbut a few minutes, did, much serious damage. The total damage to property is estimated at $50,000. Two persons were kllled,and many others more or less seriously injured. , |
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