The    Farm   School.
I.,..sou    XI:        Physiology.
Observatous.
Prefatory.
By W. S. Smith.
1. 1 sliall use the term physiology in
i hi* inclusive sense in these papers for the
•i that "anatomy" and "hygiene" are
little inconvenient to name or otherwise
indicate   even   when   the   discussion   for   a
moment seems entirely on their respectlTe
-rounds.
2. Anatomy will always be meant
n Inn discussing the machinery of the
IhmIv; and hygiene when the health of an
organ is under discussion*; for that is the
Seance of these terms,  respectively.
:: l'hysiology, strictly defined, means
. discussion of the uses or functions of
llie organs.
The Psalmist was right when he said:
• I will praise thee; for I am fearfully
..ml wonderfully made: And that my soul
l.ni.weth right well."     I's. OXXXIX:  14,
A gnat French atheist was discussing
a Unman hand, having boasted that no
natural body needed a God to bring it into
being. But   the   process   was   not   half
completed until he desisted from his work
mid exclaimed: "There must be a God;
for no accident could produce a human
hand."
Nor is the band any more a marvelous
product than the foot, the eye, the ear the
skin, the brain, the heart, the lungs, the
kidneys, the liver, the glands, the capillaries, and even the teeth.
The books on this science usually begin
in a discussion of tlie bones: So let me
do  likewise.
We have 240 bones unless some of our
teeth are lost; for each tooth is a bone of
a very fine texture, called ivory. There
might to be 32 teeth, four of which are
good for nothing except to fill four spaces.
They are the wisdom teeth, and appear
just .before maturity. The cutting teeth
are eight in number, and they are called
cutters or incisors. The next four, the
canines are called cuspids, or pointed
teeth.
These are followed by the bicuspids and
i ho grinders or molars.
Each tooth has its body of ivory, and
its coat of flint, or glass, called the enamel.
The teeth are bnilt up by the circulation*
of the blood just as every other organ of
the body is built; and the circulation is
controlled by nerve force, which fbrce is
entirely too delicate for the human understanding. There is therefore a complete
nerve arrangement in every tooth, and
most of ns have experienced its presence
in thnt luxury called toothache. We feel
the presence of an acid or of undue heat
or cold, by the use of these little nerve filaments; and the blood in circulation in the
teeth conld be seen if it entered in its
red color; but the blood in the teeth is
white; the red corpuscles not being admitted to the exceedingly delicate capillaries.
Hy cxaming the skeleton of man. bird or
•east, any mechanic will see a plan: an
intellectual design far too intricate to be
a work of chance or of blind force.
The skull is rounded, so as to avoid, as
far as possible, blows that wonld light on
a .•nrnered box:aad it is arranged in plates
spl>arated by a spongy substance to allow
'he outer one fractured without injury
*" the inner. Then it is fitted together
"i sections which are separated by car-
'ilages, and yet interlocked l.y crooked
"eptums    called    sutures. These     will
v'<"ld a   little, so that   « blow   is not flelt
in all parts of the skull, as w,.ul,l be the
case were the skull all in one piece. These
wonderful provisions all indicate the work
ot a thinker, in the skulls creation. Inside was to be that most delicate of all
delicate creations, the brain; and such a
body requires as great protection as it is
possible to provide.
The piiitiitiuii of other vital organs is
aisn looked after. The In-art and lungs
nre in a box called the chest.      Tin* cheat
morning s.-ssin.n was so well attended, that I
the Beating capacity of tlie building was
overtaxed.
The evening session oo l-'riday  turned
i.xv.ay many persons wishing even standing
room.      The sessiiin Saturday even outdid :
the day before.      l'rol ably    a    thousand
people were in attendance.
Tin* Instructors, Messrs. .1. .1. W. Bil-
lingslejr and B. C. Martindale are both so
well known t.. the fanners of Indiana that
Written for  tlie   Indiana  Farmer*.
A Word to the Young Men.
Hy   One   of   Tbem.
Johnson County White Dent Corn, grow
the following premiums at the I'urdue C
white; sweepstakes in section 3, all col
sweepstakes for State, all colors.
i. l.y I,. It. ('lore. These ten ears took
..in Show last month: First ill section 8,
oral lirst in elass flnr State, white; grand
is made of bone also; and so contrived as
to expand for the admission of air.
No blacksmith's bellows ever more clearly showed the intellectual process of the
inventor or contriver than does this bony
framework. The ribs are elevated by a
wonderful arrangement of intercostal muscles, while the lower part of the chest is
drawn downwards by the action of the
diaphragm; thus creating a thousand
vacuums in the little cells of the lungs.
The air rushes in through the nostrils,
down the windpipe, out through the bronchial tubes to fill each empty cell; and thi^
is breathing. Breathing is the Creator's
means of bringing together the air and the
blood, and these when brought together
through the walls of these lung cells, go
through a combining process, exactly contrary to the process of disintegration already described as taking place in the
leaf.
That is. the lungs take in oxygen and
give off carlxinie acid gas. while the leaves
take in this gas and give nlT oxygen.
So tbe Creator's plan is far greater than
the plan of the man who invented the
bellows.
In my next I will continue Ibis general
line of disenssion to the examination of
the eye and the car.
ni.n rosi:v TO THB FRONT.
Editors  Indiana   Farmer:
The annual session of the Posey county
Farmer's Institute was held at Wadcs-
ville on January the 26th and 27th. The
large C. B. Church In wMch it was held,
was filled to overflowing.      Even  (lie first
they need no further comment.
Mr. Krnest P. Welborn, an enterprising
.nung hog raiser of Cynthiana, gave the
institute some valuable suggestions on
hog raising.
The interest of the farmers showed by
tlieir attendance and rapt attention paid
lo the instructors that the fanners of
"Old I'osey" are fast climbing to the
front as enterprising and progressive
farmers.
The eorn, bread and butter exhibits
wen* a grand mil rose The corn exhibit
of while corn was won l.y Warren Wade,
of Wadesville, who won over Jas. H.
Gwaltney's sweepstakes corn, who won
second; Louis W. Wade, third. The yellow i-orn; first. Henry Wendroth. of
Wadesville: second, James Smith; third,
I.i.nis W.  Wade.
Mrs. Warren Wade secured first premium in the batter exhibit. Mrs. Jas. X.
Nash, second; Mrs.  F.  B.  Williams, third.
Mrs. Warren Wade secured the premium in  the bread  exhibit
May l'os.y still forge to the front, not
only l*e among the first, but be the leader
in   Indiana's   agricultural   progr*
G.   It.  Causey.
G. If, <!.. Warren Co., who enquired >"T
a fnrm for sale has rei*eived quite a number of replies, showing that thee are a
gooil many farm for sale in iliffen*nt parts
of the state. It wood l*e wise for those
having such property to dispose of to let
ihe fact be known in our For Sale column,
for there are many would-be purchasers
among our reader*.
The writer wishes !.. endorse the re-
.n*nt article in The Fanner by II. g.
I'hamlverlaiii upon the subject of Winter
Reading. This article covers the ground
admirably, and I hope many Indiana
tanners will profit by its ex.-client sug-
jeattona If we as farmers would mcas-
nse up to our possibilities in the march
of progress we must heap well informed
n..I only along our siwsial line, but upon
subjects in general. Through the fact of
..nr   partial   isolation   we   have   been  at   a
disadvantage as compared with dwellers
in ihe eily. Rut now with rural deliv-
. i.\, annl. in places, the trolley line, agri-
.■tillure is coming to a better estate. Yet
this does not lessn'ii our neenl of all around
development; it rather increases our re-
-il.ility in that direction.
And so I should like a few words, eo-
|... ially, with the"} liitious young fann-
II**. Vmu may f    e regretted that you
were unable to aK d an agricultural college, if only for s* hurt tenn. I believe
in agricultural s£ ils, and we all know
there is much to* gained by contact with
other minds be) :i|...n the same general
subject- and wf tin enthusiastic teacher.
Hut 1 am alsi*»   /believer in the doctrine
of inmpeiisiitic      If you are deprived of
tl pportimity  of a  college  course  you
nay be sure of compensating advantages.
They shall come by way of your practical
experience and a course of home study.
Willi a right motive and a careful employment of your time and power of observation you may yet make a signal success of
your calling.
Of the practical side it is not my pur-
|..,*e I.. write at much length. Kvery
man must judge of his own conditions, and
upon the ability to apply general principles to local conditions success largely de-
icnds. There are, however, two rules
which seem worthy of statement:
First. Study earetuily the relations
of cause and effect. If you plow ons
liehl five inches a im I another ten inches
deep, don't jump to the conclusion that
Ihe difference in yield favors either deep
or shallow plowing. Then* may be other
fin-tors to take into account, and it may
require years to determine the proper
depth for your soil. This is only one of
many illustrations. In nearly all such
tests there are several factors to consider.
Fa ruling   is   indeed   a   complex   science.
Sisondly. look well to the details. This
is in direct line with the first rule—the
two must go haiinl iu hand if you would
reach the top of the ladder. To the uninterested detail work is repellant, but as
interest grows the details arc worked out
with the greatest pleasure and here often
hangs the margin of profit.
The agricultural books which II. S.
Chamberlain mentions arc all good. As
a (inundation I Would especially recommend Robert's "Fertility of the Soil," and
there is a book called "Our Farming,"
written by T. B. Terry from Which I think
every young fanner will draw inspiration.
It is a very practical work, giving the
story Of its author's advance from small
beginnings to acknowledged success—all
told in straightforward, everyday English.
To my certain knowledge Terry has
.banged his mind fas wise men do) on
some minor points since the book was
written; but if any young man on reading il fails to Und lunch food for thought,
then he had better—study law! At the
beginning of my fanning career I had
Continued on page 10.