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VOL. XXII. INDIANAPOLIS, IND., SATURDAY, JAN. 22,1887. NO. 4 HANDY FIELD FLATTIlfO. It is often well to know the contents of Irregular fields or tracts. A square, or oblong square tract, is of cr.irse, readily measured; but to one whose knowledge of surveying, or of geometry is slight, the work of measuring an irregular tract is perplexing. The heavy lines of the diagram represent the boundaries of an Irregular tract; the light lines represent the sides of right-angled triangles, the dotted lines represent the complementary triangles, which change the right angles into squares or parallelograms. The principle Involved may be applied to any tract bounded by straight lines, no matter of how many sides, and it is only necessary to desoribe lines running from one angle to another, so that the various sides of the tract shall become diagonals of a square or parallelogram, to make eaoh of them easily measurable by ordinary multiplication. Study of the diagram will make this clearer than a volume of explanation. Suppose we have suoh a field. We will designate its corners (angles) as A B £ D C. It is best to run lines through the longest section, say from B to C, and from C to E. From these lines run a line tbat is a right angle to these base lines, bo that they will strike the corners, as from e to E a to A, and d to D; measure these lines, and also measure from these points of beginning to the corners, as from a to B, e to B and d to C. These lines then beoome the two sides of a square or parallelogram, which multiplied together give the area of a square. Bat as these areas are exactly double the areas of the right-angled triangles, when they are divided by two they will give the areas of the triangle. By adding these areas together the area of the whole traot will be fonnd. rig. 1. Beginning with tke small triangle to the left, we find that B. e is 24 rods, and e E 29 rods. These figures multiplied together and divided by 2, give 448 eqiare rods as the contents of the triangle B e E, Proceeding with the triangle B a A, we find that the sides are 48x48 rods, wbich divided by 2 give its area as 1,182 square rods. The triangle A a C measures 48 by 150 rods, divided by 2, or 3,600 square reds. The middle triangle C e E, which to avoid confusion of lines is not "squared" in the diagram, measures 174 rods from C to e and 29 rods from e to E, which m iplied together and divided by two. • 6re give 2,673 squ»re rods aa its (The dotted lines are omitted I in this triangle to avoid comparison in the diagram. In practice it is not necessary to carry them ont, as they only illustrate the principle.) The next triangle E d D measures 144 by 36, or 2,592 square rods. The next and last angle measures 36x86, and gives 648 square rods as its area. Adding these together we have 448 plus 1,182 plus 3,600 plus 2,573 plus 2,592 pins 649, or a total of 11,043 square rods aa the area of the entire tract. as possible, or square, else the results will not be accurate. Fig. 2. The only "instrument" needed in making these measurements is a circle of card board accurately spaced into quarters, of 90 degress each. (See Fig. 2). This should be pasted upm a piece of board, and the board mounted upon three legs (a tripod) so that the board may "swivel." The board when mounted should lay approximately horizontal, and at the center of it should be placed a pointer that would have upon eaoh end a piece of wood, with a small hole, to right through, and so placed that the two right holes would be in line with any one of the diameters of the circle. To make this take a piece of lath 14 inohes long. Saw a slit from each end lengthwise, leaving an inch or so untouched in the center. In a line with this slit and in the center of the lath, insert a screw and screw it onto the center of the cirole. To take an observation with this instrument, place a stake at each of the corners of the tract or angle to be measured, then bring the rights of the lath so as to intersect the stake, and thus bring the circle so that one of the lines will be under the silt in the lath. Then turn the rights (but not the circle) to one of the quarter marks on the circle, and have an assistant set another stake so that it will be seen through the rights. This line wiil be at right angles to the first, and their lengths may then be measured. A right-angled triangle made of wood with sights along its sides, and made so as to revolve horizontally, or flat wise with the screw upon which it swivels set accurately in the angle, wonld be still more simple, and would have some advantage in accuraoy in that when the sights of one of the sides intercepted the stake the other side would intersect its right angle. With the other, however, if the oircle be spaced into 360 equal parts, or degrees, any angle could be measured. In fact, a square piece of board will have angles of 90 degrees, or right-angles, and by sighting along tbe sides these lines may be prolonged, it only being necessary to bring one of its sides along the base line, to make the other intersect the new line. It is necessary, however, that in making right-angles, they should be true Written for the Indiana Farmer. A Joint Public Meeting of the Grange and Knights of Labor, BT D. ta THOMAS. One of the most interesting and profitable industrial meetings ever held in Bush Co.,came off this afternoon at Homer. The Homer Grange extended an invitation, which was accepted by the Rushville and Manilla Knights of Labor, to hold a joint public meeting. The hall was well filled with ladies, farmers and workingmen. The Orange furnished excellent music. Numerous addresses were made by members of eaoh organization. The discussion of the causes and remedies for depression elicited the deepest interest, and all present seemed to be in perfect accord. The speakers urged that the bread producers and bread consumers must join hands to bring about industrial reforms. That they have the power in theit hands, bnt for the want of organization had never been able to wield that power. One speaker said all other interests were organized. That even the commercial travelers are forming a protective association to compel hotel keepers to give them the same reduced rates they did theatrical troups in- as muoh as commercial men were the main support of the hotels. It cropped out during the discussion that a oertain large reaper manufacturing company had declared against all forms of organized labor, and was hostile to both Patrons of Husbandry and Knights of Labor, and in order to break down competitors had sold their self-binders in some localities at the low figure ef 945. But one speaker who has had ample opportunity to investigate the matter asserted tbat they then made money. He said aside from the Interest on the capital invested, it oost only $20 eaoh to manufacture self- binders, and $12 each for light mowers. This is brought about by the improved machinery whioh is supplanting skilled mechanic*. And this, too, explains why American binders are sold at the same figure, or less, in Australia that they are at home. These revelations made the farmers present resolve in their minds to strike against high prices on binders in the future. The speaker detailed how employes in that factory were treated, whioh is simply atrocious and degrading. His statement sprung the question whether or not slavery had been abolished, and the sense of the meeting was that a modified form of slavery does exist in many places in the United States. And that our country is cursed with a few land pirates who sre controlling the prices and avenues of trade, and robbing the people, and starving the poor. The conclusion was reached that we are not suffering from over production but from under consumption. That the heel of monopoly had imported pauper labor and made so many American tramps. That it is a disgrace to our civilizition with granaries full, that tens of thousands do not have enongh to eat, while thousands of children retire nightly crying for bread, that but for the avarice of a few all might bs employed and with their wages consume our surplus. This Orange and the Knights of Labor will hold more such meetings during the year, and form a closer union for the protection of their interests. And if like movements were pushed all over the oountry we would see an improvement in affairs. Bush ville, Jan. 15. Make the Department of Agriculture a Cabinet Position. Editors Indiana Farmer ■ "Unconstitutional" is about the first word the average lawyer in Congress spits out when Mr. Hatch brings up his bill to make the Department of Agriculture a Cabinet position. If it be unconstitutional then the Cabinet officer who presides over the War Department, and looks after a lot of dress parade officers that hover around Washington City by the year, is the same. The same might be said of the Cabinet officer of the Navy with its few old tubs that are the laughing stock of every civilized nation on earth. There is a marked difference between those two Cabinet afficers and this one. A cabinet officer at the head of the Departments of Agriculture and Horticulture would represent more than twenty five millions of people. We go farther and say that over one-half of the people of the United States are engaged in these two pursuits. For years this bill has been before Congress, having passed the lower House last week, and there are plenty of lawyers now in Congress, who to get reelected, have promised their rural constituency that they would vote to make Col. Norman J. Coleman a Cabinet officer. Some of tbem blowed it from stumps in Indiana last fall that they were the sworn friends of agriculture, and to make their words good cited their vote in favor of the Hatch bogus butter bill, and by so doing they obtained many votes in the country that otherwise would have gone to the other man. Now, Mr. Hatch has the floor again with his bill in hand demanding that the greatest body of men on American soil shall have a Cabinet representation. Now, we appeal earnestly to every Indiana United States Senator: Why should they not have It? Every fair minded member from this State must admit that this industry is the foundation of our financial and commercial prosperity. Then why not vote that it shall have a head? The best thing they can do is to lay aside the Inter- State Commerce Bill and vote for this one, for it is nothing more nor less than a bill to take charge of the department we are asking to have made. It is well known that every trunk line of railroad in the country has its paid tools hovering around the Capitol every hoar during the session of Congress. They have millions at their command and on their roll appear the names of retained Senators, who are opposing the bill on the ground that it will interfere with their freight charges. It is to be hoped that not a member from Indiana is among the "retained," and it is also to be hoped that when a final vote is taken in the Senate, eaoh of them will be recorded as voting for the bill. W. H, Lawbencb. Brightwood.
Object Description
Title | Indiana farmer, 1887, v. 22, no. 04 (Jan. 22) |
Purdue Identification Number | INFA2204 |
Date of Original | 1887 |
Subjects (LCSH) |
Agriculture Farm management Horticulture Agricultural machinery |
Subjects (NALT) |
agriculture farm management horticulture agricultural machinery and equipment |
Genre | Periodical |
Call Number of Original | 630.5 In2 |
Location of Original | Hicks Repository |
Coverage | United States - Indiana |
Type | text |
Format | JP2 |
Language | eng |
Collection Title | Indiana Farmer |
Rights Statement | Content in the Indiana Farmer Collection is in the public domain (published before 1923) or lacks a known copyright holder. Digital images in the collection may be used for educational, non-commercial, or not-for-profit purposes. |
Repository | Purdue University Libraries |
Date Digitized | 2011-02-03 |
Digitization Information | Original scanned at 300 ppi on a Bookeye 3 scanner using internal software. Display images generated in CONTENTdm as JP2000s; file format for archival copy is uncompressed TIF format. |
Description
Title | Page 1 |
Subjects (LCSH) |
Agriculture Farm management Horticulture Agricultural machinery |
Subjects (NALT) |
agriculture farm management horticulture agricultural machinery and equipment |
Genre | Periodical |
Call Number of Original | 630.5 In2 |
Location of Original | Hicks Repository |
Coverage | Indiana |
Type | text |
Format | JP2 |
Language | eng |
Collection Title | Indiana Farmer |
Rights Statement | Content in the Indiana Farmer Collection is in the public domain (published before 1923) or lacks a known copyright holder. Digital images in the collection may be used for educational, non-commercial, or non-for-profit purposes. |
Repository | Purdue University Libraries |
Digitization Information | Orignal scanned at 300 ppi on a Bookeye 3 scanner using internal software. Display images generated in CONTENTdm as JP2000s; file format for archival copy is uncompressed TIF format. |
Transcript | VOL. XXII. INDIANAPOLIS, IND., SATURDAY, JAN. 22,1887. NO. 4 HANDY FIELD FLATTIlfO. It is often well to know the contents of Irregular fields or tracts. A square, or oblong square tract, is of cr.irse, readily measured; but to one whose knowledge of surveying, or of geometry is slight, the work of measuring an irregular tract is perplexing. The heavy lines of the diagram represent the boundaries of an Irregular tract; the light lines represent the sides of right-angled triangles, the dotted lines represent the complementary triangles, which change the right angles into squares or parallelograms. The principle Involved may be applied to any tract bounded by straight lines, no matter of how many sides, and it is only necessary to desoribe lines running from one angle to another, so that the various sides of the tract shall become diagonals of a square or parallelogram, to make eaoh of them easily measurable by ordinary multiplication. Study of the diagram will make this clearer than a volume of explanation. Suppose we have suoh a field. We will designate its corners (angles) as A B £ D C. It is best to run lines through the longest section, say from B to C, and from C to E. From these lines run a line tbat is a right angle to these base lines, bo that they will strike the corners, as from e to E a to A, and d to D; measure these lines, and also measure from these points of beginning to the corners, as from a to B, e to B and d to C. These lines then beoome the two sides of a square or parallelogram, which multiplied together give the area of a square. Bat as these areas are exactly double the areas of the right-angled triangles, when they are divided by two they will give the areas of the triangle. By adding these areas together the area of the whole traot will be fonnd. rig. 1. Beginning with tke small triangle to the left, we find that B. e is 24 rods, and e E 29 rods. These figures multiplied together and divided by 2, give 448 eqiare rods as the contents of the triangle B e E, Proceeding with the triangle B a A, we find that the sides are 48x48 rods, wbich divided by 2 give its area as 1,182 square rods. The triangle A a C measures 48 by 150 rods, divided by 2, or 3,600 square reds. The middle triangle C e E, which to avoid confusion of lines is not "squared" in the diagram, measures 174 rods from C to e and 29 rods from e to E, which m iplied together and divided by two. • 6re give 2,673 squ»re rods aa its (The dotted lines are omitted I in this triangle to avoid comparison in the diagram. In practice it is not necessary to carry them ont, as they only illustrate the principle.) The next triangle E d D measures 144 by 36, or 2,592 square rods. The next and last angle measures 36x86, and gives 648 square rods as its area. Adding these together we have 448 plus 1,182 plus 3,600 plus 2,573 plus 2,592 pins 649, or a total of 11,043 square rods aa the area of the entire tract. as possible, or square, else the results will not be accurate. Fig. 2. The only "instrument" needed in making these measurements is a circle of card board accurately spaced into quarters, of 90 degress each. (See Fig. 2). This should be pasted upm a piece of board, and the board mounted upon three legs (a tripod) so that the board may "swivel." The board when mounted should lay approximately horizontal, and at the center of it should be placed a pointer that would have upon eaoh end a piece of wood, with a small hole, to right through, and so placed that the two right holes would be in line with any one of the diameters of the circle. To make this take a piece of lath 14 inohes long. Saw a slit from each end lengthwise, leaving an inch or so untouched in the center. In a line with this slit and in the center of the lath, insert a screw and screw it onto the center of the cirole. To take an observation with this instrument, place a stake at each of the corners of the tract or angle to be measured, then bring the rights of the lath so as to intersect the stake, and thus bring the circle so that one of the lines will be under the silt in the lath. Then turn the rights (but not the circle) to one of the quarter marks on the circle, and have an assistant set another stake so that it will be seen through the rights. This line wiil be at right angles to the first, and their lengths may then be measured. A right-angled triangle made of wood with sights along its sides, and made so as to revolve horizontally, or flat wise with the screw upon which it swivels set accurately in the angle, wonld be still more simple, and would have some advantage in accuraoy in that when the sights of one of the sides intercepted the stake the other side would intersect its right angle. With the other, however, if the oircle be spaced into 360 equal parts, or degrees, any angle could be measured. In fact, a square piece of board will have angles of 90 degrees, or right-angles, and by sighting along tbe sides these lines may be prolonged, it only being necessary to bring one of its sides along the base line, to make the other intersect the new line. It is necessary, however, that in making right-angles, they should be true Written for the Indiana Farmer. A Joint Public Meeting of the Grange and Knights of Labor, BT D. ta THOMAS. One of the most interesting and profitable industrial meetings ever held in Bush Co.,came off this afternoon at Homer. The Homer Grange extended an invitation, which was accepted by the Rushville and Manilla Knights of Labor, to hold a joint public meeting. The hall was well filled with ladies, farmers and workingmen. The Orange furnished excellent music. Numerous addresses were made by members of eaoh organization. The discussion of the causes and remedies for depression elicited the deepest interest, and all present seemed to be in perfect accord. The speakers urged that the bread producers and bread consumers must join hands to bring about industrial reforms. That they have the power in theit hands, bnt for the want of organization had never been able to wield that power. One speaker said all other interests were organized. That even the commercial travelers are forming a protective association to compel hotel keepers to give them the same reduced rates they did theatrical troups in- as muoh as commercial men were the main support of the hotels. It cropped out during the discussion that a oertain large reaper manufacturing company had declared against all forms of organized labor, and was hostile to both Patrons of Husbandry and Knights of Labor, and in order to break down competitors had sold their self-binders in some localities at the low figure ef 945. But one speaker who has had ample opportunity to investigate the matter asserted tbat they then made money. He said aside from the Interest on the capital invested, it oost only $20 eaoh to manufacture self- binders, and $12 each for light mowers. This is brought about by the improved machinery whioh is supplanting skilled mechanic*. And this, too, explains why American binders are sold at the same figure, or less, in Australia that they are at home. These revelations made the farmers present resolve in their minds to strike against high prices on binders in the future. The speaker detailed how employes in that factory were treated, whioh is simply atrocious and degrading. His statement sprung the question whether or not slavery had been abolished, and the sense of the meeting was that a modified form of slavery does exist in many places in the United States. And that our country is cursed with a few land pirates who sre controlling the prices and avenues of trade, and robbing the people, and starving the poor. The conclusion was reached that we are not suffering from over production but from under consumption. That the heel of monopoly had imported pauper labor and made so many American tramps. That it is a disgrace to our civilizition with granaries full, that tens of thousands do not have enongh to eat, while thousands of children retire nightly crying for bread, that but for the avarice of a few all might bs employed and with their wages consume our surplus. This Orange and the Knights of Labor will hold more such meetings during the year, and form a closer union for the protection of their interests. And if like movements were pushed all over the oountry we would see an improvement in affairs. Bush ville, Jan. 15. Make the Department of Agriculture a Cabinet Position. Editors Indiana Farmer ■ "Unconstitutional" is about the first word the average lawyer in Congress spits out when Mr. Hatch brings up his bill to make the Department of Agriculture a Cabinet position. If it be unconstitutional then the Cabinet officer who presides over the War Department, and looks after a lot of dress parade officers that hover around Washington City by the year, is the same. The same might be said of the Cabinet officer of the Navy with its few old tubs that are the laughing stock of every civilized nation on earth. There is a marked difference between those two Cabinet afficers and this one. A cabinet officer at the head of the Departments of Agriculture and Horticulture would represent more than twenty five millions of people. We go farther and say that over one-half of the people of the United States are engaged in these two pursuits. For years this bill has been before Congress, having passed the lower House last week, and there are plenty of lawyers now in Congress, who to get reelected, have promised their rural constituency that they would vote to make Col. Norman J. Coleman a Cabinet officer. Some of tbem blowed it from stumps in Indiana last fall that they were the sworn friends of agriculture, and to make their words good cited their vote in favor of the Hatch bogus butter bill, and by so doing they obtained many votes in the country that otherwise would have gone to the other man. Now, Mr. Hatch has the floor again with his bill in hand demanding that the greatest body of men on American soil shall have a Cabinet representation. Now, we appeal earnestly to every Indiana United States Senator: Why should they not have It? Every fair minded member from this State must admit that this industry is the foundation of our financial and commercial prosperity. Then why not vote that it shall have a head? The best thing they can do is to lay aside the Inter- State Commerce Bill and vote for this one, for it is nothing more nor less than a bill to take charge of the department we are asking to have made. It is well known that every trunk line of railroad in the country has its paid tools hovering around the Capitol every hoar during the session of Congress. They have millions at their command and on their roll appear the names of retained Senators, who are opposing the bill on the ground that it will interfere with their freight charges. It is to be hoped that not a member from Indiana is among the "retained," and it is also to be hoped that when a final vote is taken in the Senate, eaoh of them will be recorded as voting for the bill. W. H, Lawbencb. Brightwood. |
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