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VOLLX INDIANAPOLIS, DEC. 2, 1905. NO 48 T1H-' COMPOSITION AND PRODUCTION OF BARNYARD MANURE. Editors Indiana Fanner To I.ielig, the great German agricultural chemist of tlie nineteenth century belongs most of the credit of discovery ami first iitv*-t.tifj:»tinil the natural relatione between soils nml plants and between soils nml fertilizers. Chemistry lias not only shown why fertilizing agents should he applied to the soil, hut also how ami when they should he applied, Ry the term manure is commonly meant the solid and liquid excrement of animals, either alone or mixed with straw or other convenient litter. Sometimes the term is expanded to include all sorts of fertilizers. Iir this writing we shall limit the meaning to the barnyard product. Plants derive their sustenance from both air and the soil, and are made up of water, organic combustible substances anil inorganic, in-combustible materials, common called minerals. A great per cent of Die organic portion of the plant comes from the air and comprises hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. The inorganic or mineral parts come from the soil and include lime, magnesia, phosphoric and sulphuric acids, chloride, iron oxide, potash, soda and silica. Continuous cropping will in time impoverish the land by removing these essential soil ingredients, and some means must tie re- Forted to whereby the lacking elements can be restored. The logical, ami most natural, as well ar, the best aud most valuable method of soil restoration is by the use of barnyard manure; for, unlike all other kinds, it contains without exception all the constituents necessary to good soil, and fulfils all the requirements for producing perfect, cultivated crops. Farmers who have used both commercial fertilizers and old fashioned barnyard manure know from ■ experience th.it the latter is by far the best for general purposes. Chemical analysis of barnyard manure shows the presence of nitrogen, in- the form of ammonia, nitrates ami other nitrogenous substances; humus, phosphates, sulphates, lime magnesia, soda potash and silica. This ia what we may expect; for all these come from the foods of the animals. All these are sufficient to supply the missing components of any soil. The most important of all the constituents of manure aro lime phosphates and potash. As the farmer cannot control the composition of the air he must direct his efforts towards the soil and familiarize himself with it through experience and by the aid of chemistry so as to supply intelligently the deficient constituents to benefit his crops. Generally speaking, farmyard manure consists of urine and solid excrement of farm animals, collected in stables on straw or other bedding materials. The straw acts as a valuable absorbent and retainer of the liquids, besides possessing several important compounds to enrich the land. The percentage composition of manure varies greatly, depending upon the age and kimls of animals, their foods, length of time and manner in which it is kept. Young animals void less phosphoric acid and solid matter than older ones, because they need most of these to build up their l>odies during their period of growth. In the voidings of mature animals, where the foods are not all assimilated, we rind a better grade of manure. For the same wight of food cattle produce more dung than sheep and sheep more than pigs; the composition of course depends upon the kimls of food. Practically all the mineral substances and ninety per cent of the nitrogenous compounds of the food of animals are recovered in til'* solids and liquids excreted; heme it can be readily seen how valuable a good coat of manure must be to the land. Well fermented manure is better and more concentrated than the frcsli article, and therefore more effective in crop production. If stable manure be hauled direit from the stable to the field and be allowed to lie without plowing it under at once, it loses none of its fertilizing catur, Franklin, Dearborn. .Section r>. Counties—Gibson, Posey, \ andcrburg, Warrick, l'ike, Dubois, Spencer, I'errv, Crawford. Orange, Washington, Harrison, Floyd, Scott, Jefferson, Switzerland, Ohio. — Rules of Entry. 1. All exhibits will be classified as either white or yellow, or mixed and each must be entered iu its proper class. The mixed class will include all exhibits not coming under white or yellow. L\ No exhibitor will be allowed to make more than one entry in any one class. .5. All exhibits must con-sist of ten ears each. ■I. The State will be divided into five sections. Sits of prizes will be offered Ranch of Feeders on the Farm of H. 15. James, Vermillion Co., Indiana. properties through evaporation. The gaseous ammonia will have passed off for the most part while lying in the stable or while loading on tho wagon. The remaining ammonia is fixed in the form of chloride or sulphate, both very soluble compounds. The.se with other soluble solids are carried into the soil by means of rains and melting snows. Modern successful farming dopen-ds almost entirely upon the use of fertilizing materials and manures and the value of barnyard manure is appreciated more and understood better than ever before by the American- farmer. II. S. C. DIVISIONS OP THE STATE FOR THE CORN SHOW. To be Held bv the Indiana Corn Growers' Association at Purdue University, Lafayette? Ind., January 8-13, 1906. Section 1. Counties—Lake, Newton-, Jasper, Porter, Laporte, Starke, I'ulaski, Fulton, Marshall. St. Joseph, Elkhart, Kosciusko, Whitley, Noble, Lagrange, Steuben. DeKalb, Allen. Section 2. Counties—Benotn, Warren, Tippecanoe, White, Cass, Carroll, Clinton, Tipton, Howard, Miami, Wabash, Grant, Delaware, Blackford, Huntington, Wo'ls, Adams, Jay, Randolph. Section ",. Counties—Fountain, Vermillion, Parke, Putnam. Montgomery, L'ootre, Hendricks, Morgan, Johnson, Marion. Hamilton, Madison, Hancock, Shelby, Rush, Henry, Wayne, Fayette. Union. Section 4. Counties—Vico, C|ny, Owen, Sullivan, Knox, Daviess. Green, Martin, Lawrence, Monroe. Brown, Jackson, Bartholomew, Jennings, Ripley, De- in each section. Prize winning exhibits in- the several sections wil Ibe eligible for entry in sweepstakes classes including the whole State. 5. No exhibitor will be allowed to exhibit in more than one section of th? State. G. Every exhibit must have been produced on the exhibitor's own farm, in 100.', and within the section in which it is shown. 7. All exhibits must be placed in the hands of the Superintendent of Exhibits in the show room or later than VI o'clock on- Tuesday, January '.). 8. All exhibits remain the property of tbe exhibitor. 0. Exhibifs must be left in the show room until noon of Friday, January l'J. 10. The committee in charge of the show reserves the right to make such other rules as may bo found necessary. 11. Exhibitors must be in attendance at least two days. THE FARMERS' INSTITUTE WORK. Washington D. C. Meeting ol Institute Workers. The recent meeting of Institute workers- including directors, superintendents, conductors and .sneakers, held in Washington. I). C, November 0-11, was one of es- teria1 interest and profit to those in attendance. The several gnat sections of our country, including the New England, Middle, Southern, Central AYestern and far 'Western divisions were all represented from one to several delegates. 1 he Institute work is steadily growing in magnitude and importance, from year to vear. At the meeting especial stress was laid upon the preparation and training of the Institute speaker. To accomplish this end, several stales now hold Normal Institutes for the speakers, and other states will take up this work in- tlime near future. It is the desire of tho State Superintendent to hold oue of these Normal Institutes in connection with the next Indiana Conference of Institute Workers, to be held at Purdue IJnivcr- Mtv, in October, V.HH\. Especial attention is being given to work at Farmers' Institutes for women in Ontario. Canada, which doubtless, leads all other provinces and states in this particular line of work. In several States substantial progress has been made iu making the Farmers' Institutes helpful to the bo.\s and girls of the farm. Illinois and Michigan have both accomplished much in this direeton. Indiana has dono something in tin's line in previous years and will do more during the current season than ever before. Several excellent papers and talks were given at the Washington meeting. Those treating subjects of especial interest to the farmers of In.liana were the addresses of Assistant Secretary, W. M. Hays, on ",'otrsolidatod Schools," Frank 11. Hall, Superintendent of Farmers' Institutes for Illinois, on "Co-operation with other Educational Agencies," and John Hamilton, banners" Institute Specialist of the Department of Agriculture, Washington, I). C, on "Movable Schools." All of these were excellent, but the addresses of Mr. Hall and Mr. Hamilton possessed outstanding merit. A further reference will be made to these at some future time. Tile Institute season in Indiana opened auspiciously on- the 14th of this month. An excellent corn crop will, doubtless, keep many farmers from the early meetings. Notwithstanding the fact, however, that the farmers have plenty of work jnst now, reports are already coming to the olllee of the Superintendent showing that interesting and well attended meetings are being held in some cases. If the fanners can be convinced that a real live Institute is to be held, they will not object to giving a day or two to attending the meeting. It rests with the several chairmen to get their meetings advertised in such a way as to arrest attention and awaken interest. That accomplished, good audiences will gather and successful meetings will he held. Miss M. M. Mather, who did such effective work at the Summer Farmers' Institutes, has been engaged for the entire winter. She will attend Institutes in as many of the counties as possible during Ihe season, spending but one day in- each. Farmers' wives and daughters should bear this in mind, and be sure to hear Miss Mather when she comes to the Institute. The Institute speakers are seeking to make their instruction more practical and definite than in any previous year. For this purpose charts and diagrams are being prepared in the office of the Superintendent to enalle the speakers to present more clearly and forcibly their subjects. The farmer who feels disinclined on account of pressure of work should remember that the Institute comes but one to two days a year. If he will only go to the meeting in the right spirit, he will get suggestion, encouragement and inspiration that will far more than make up for the day or two that she will lose ou the farm by attending the Institute. W. C. Latta, Supt. Farmers Insts. Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.
Object Description
Title | Indiana farmer, 1905, v. 60, no. 48 (Dec. 2) |
Purdue Identification Number | INFA6048 |
Date of Original | 1905 |
Subjects (LCSH) |
Agriculture Farm management Horticulture Agricultural machinery |
Subjects (NALT) |
agriculture farm management horticulture agricultural machinery and equipment |
Genre | Periodical |
Call Number of Original | 630.5 In2 |
Location of Original | Hicks Repository |
Coverage | United States - Indiana |
Type | text |
Format | JP2 |
Language | eng |
Collection Title | Indiana Farmer |
Rights Statement | Content in the Indiana Farmer Collection is in the public domain (published before 1923) or lacks a known copyright holder. Digital images in the collection may be used for educational, non-commercial, or not-for-profit purposes. |
Repository | Purdue University Libraries |
Date Digitized | 2011-02-04 |
Digitization Information | Original scanned at 300 ppi on a Bookeye 3 scanner using internal software. Display images generated in CONTENTdm as JP2000s; file format for archival copy is uncompressed TIF format. |
Description
Title | Page 1 |
Subjects (LCSH) |
Agriculture Farm management Horticulture Agricultural machinery |
Subjects (NALT) |
agriculture farm management horticulture agricultural machinery and equipment |
Genre | Periodical |
Call Number of Original | 630.5 In2 |
Location of Original | Hicks Repository |
Coverage | Indiana |
Type | text |
Format | JP2 |
Language | eng |
Collection Title | Indiana Farmer |
Rights Statement | Content in the Indiana Farmer Collection is in the public domain (published before 1923) or lacks a known copyright holder. Digital images in the collection may be used for educational, non-commercial, or non-for-profit purposes. |
Repository | Purdue University Libraries |
Digitization Information | Orignal scanned at 300 ppi on a Bookeye 3 scanner using internal software. Display images generated in CONTENTdm as JP2000s; file format for archival copy is uncompressed TIF format. |
Transcript | VOLLX INDIANAPOLIS, DEC. 2, 1905. NO 48 T1H-' COMPOSITION AND PRODUCTION OF BARNYARD MANURE. Editors Indiana Fanner To I.ielig, the great German agricultural chemist of tlie nineteenth century belongs most of the credit of discovery ami first iitv*-t.tifj:»tinil the natural relatione between soils nml plants and between soils nml fertilizers. Chemistry lias not only shown why fertilizing agents should he applied to the soil, hut also how ami when they should he applied, Ry the term manure is commonly meant the solid and liquid excrement of animals, either alone or mixed with straw or other convenient litter. Sometimes the term is expanded to include all sorts of fertilizers. Iir this writing we shall limit the meaning to the barnyard product. Plants derive their sustenance from both air and the soil, and are made up of water, organic combustible substances anil inorganic, in-combustible materials, common called minerals. A great per cent of Die organic portion of the plant comes from the air and comprises hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. The inorganic or mineral parts come from the soil and include lime, magnesia, phosphoric and sulphuric acids, chloride, iron oxide, potash, soda and silica. Continuous cropping will in time impoverish the land by removing these essential soil ingredients, and some means must tie re- Forted to whereby the lacking elements can be restored. The logical, ami most natural, as well ar, the best aud most valuable method of soil restoration is by the use of barnyard manure; for, unlike all other kinds, it contains without exception all the constituents necessary to good soil, and fulfils all the requirements for producing perfect, cultivated crops. Farmers who have used both commercial fertilizers and old fashioned barnyard manure know from ■ experience th.it the latter is by far the best for general purposes. Chemical analysis of barnyard manure shows the presence of nitrogen, in- the form of ammonia, nitrates ami other nitrogenous substances; humus, phosphates, sulphates, lime magnesia, soda potash and silica. This ia what we may expect; for all these come from the foods of the animals. All these are sufficient to supply the missing components of any soil. The most important of all the constituents of manure aro lime phosphates and potash. As the farmer cannot control the composition of the air he must direct his efforts towards the soil and familiarize himself with it through experience and by the aid of chemistry so as to supply intelligently the deficient constituents to benefit his crops. Generally speaking, farmyard manure consists of urine and solid excrement of farm animals, collected in stables on straw or other bedding materials. The straw acts as a valuable absorbent and retainer of the liquids, besides possessing several important compounds to enrich the land. The percentage composition of manure varies greatly, depending upon the age and kimls of animals, their foods, length of time and manner in which it is kept. Young animals void less phosphoric acid and solid matter than older ones, because they need most of these to build up their l>odies during their period of growth. In the voidings of mature animals, where the foods are not all assimilated, we rind a better grade of manure. For the same wight of food cattle produce more dung than sheep and sheep more than pigs; the composition of course depends upon the kimls of food. Practically all the mineral substances and ninety per cent of the nitrogenous compounds of the food of animals are recovered in til'* solids and liquids excreted; heme it can be readily seen how valuable a good coat of manure must be to the land. Well fermented manure is better and more concentrated than the frcsli article, and therefore more effective in crop production. If stable manure be hauled direit from the stable to the field and be allowed to lie without plowing it under at once, it loses none of its fertilizing catur, Franklin, Dearborn. .Section r>. Counties—Gibson, Posey, \ andcrburg, Warrick, l'ike, Dubois, Spencer, I'errv, Crawford. Orange, Washington, Harrison, Floyd, Scott, Jefferson, Switzerland, Ohio. — Rules of Entry. 1. All exhibits will be classified as either white or yellow, or mixed and each must be entered iu its proper class. The mixed class will include all exhibits not coming under white or yellow. L\ No exhibitor will be allowed to make more than one entry in any one class. .5. All exhibits must con-sist of ten ears each. ■I. The State will be divided into five sections. Sits of prizes will be offered Ranch of Feeders on the Farm of H. 15. James, Vermillion Co., Indiana. properties through evaporation. The gaseous ammonia will have passed off for the most part while lying in the stable or while loading on tho wagon. The remaining ammonia is fixed in the form of chloride or sulphate, both very soluble compounds. The.se with other soluble solids are carried into the soil by means of rains and melting snows. Modern successful farming dopen-ds almost entirely upon the use of fertilizing materials and manures and the value of barnyard manure is appreciated more and understood better than ever before by the American- farmer. II. S. C. DIVISIONS OP THE STATE FOR THE CORN SHOW. To be Held bv the Indiana Corn Growers' Association at Purdue University, Lafayette? Ind., January 8-13, 1906. Section 1. Counties—Lake, Newton-, Jasper, Porter, Laporte, Starke, I'ulaski, Fulton, Marshall. St. Joseph, Elkhart, Kosciusko, Whitley, Noble, Lagrange, Steuben. DeKalb, Allen. Section 2. Counties—Benotn, Warren, Tippecanoe, White, Cass, Carroll, Clinton, Tipton, Howard, Miami, Wabash, Grant, Delaware, Blackford, Huntington, Wo'ls, Adams, Jay, Randolph. Section ",. Counties—Fountain, Vermillion, Parke, Putnam. Montgomery, L'ootre, Hendricks, Morgan, Johnson, Marion. Hamilton, Madison, Hancock, Shelby, Rush, Henry, Wayne, Fayette. Union. Section 4. Counties—Vico, C|ny, Owen, Sullivan, Knox, Daviess. Green, Martin, Lawrence, Monroe. Brown, Jackson, Bartholomew, Jennings, Ripley, De- in each section. Prize winning exhibits in- the several sections wil Ibe eligible for entry in sweepstakes classes including the whole State. 5. No exhibitor will be allowed to exhibit in more than one section of th? State. G. Every exhibit must have been produced on the exhibitor's own farm, in 100.', and within the section in which it is shown. 7. All exhibits must be placed in the hands of the Superintendent of Exhibits in the show room or later than VI o'clock on- Tuesday, January '.). 8. All exhibits remain the property of tbe exhibitor. 0. Exhibifs must be left in the show room until noon of Friday, January l'J. 10. The committee in charge of the show reserves the right to make such other rules as may bo found necessary. 11. Exhibitors must be in attendance at least two days. THE FARMERS' INSTITUTE WORK. Washington D. C. Meeting ol Institute Workers. The recent meeting of Institute workers- including directors, superintendents, conductors and .sneakers, held in Washington. I). C, November 0-11, was one of es- teria1 interest and profit to those in attendance. The several gnat sections of our country, including the New England, Middle, Southern, Central AYestern and far 'Western divisions were all represented from one to several delegates. 1 he Institute work is steadily growing in magnitude and importance, from year to vear. At the meeting especial stress was laid upon the preparation and training of the Institute speaker. To accomplish this end, several stales now hold Normal Institutes for the speakers, and other states will take up this work in- tlime near future. It is the desire of tho State Superintendent to hold oue of these Normal Institutes in connection with the next Indiana Conference of Institute Workers, to be held at Purdue IJnivcr- Mtv, in October, V.HH\. Especial attention is being given to work at Farmers' Institutes for women in Ontario. Canada, which doubtless, leads all other provinces and states in this particular line of work. In several States substantial progress has been made iu making the Farmers' Institutes helpful to the bo.\s and girls of the farm. Illinois and Michigan have both accomplished much in this direeton. Indiana has dono something in tin's line in previous years and will do more during the current season than ever before. Several excellent papers and talks were given at the Washington meeting. Those treating subjects of especial interest to the farmers of In.liana were the addresses of Assistant Secretary, W. M. Hays, on ",'otrsolidatod Schools," Frank 11. Hall, Superintendent of Farmers' Institutes for Illinois, on "Co-operation with other Educational Agencies," and John Hamilton, banners" Institute Specialist of the Department of Agriculture, Washington, I). C, on "Movable Schools." All of these were excellent, but the addresses of Mr. Hall and Mr. Hamilton possessed outstanding merit. A further reference will be made to these at some future time. Tile Institute season in Indiana opened auspiciously on- the 14th of this month. An excellent corn crop will, doubtless, keep many farmers from the early meetings. Notwithstanding the fact, however, that the farmers have plenty of work jnst now, reports are already coming to the olllee of the Superintendent showing that interesting and well attended meetings are being held in some cases. If the fanners can be convinced that a real live Institute is to be held, they will not object to giving a day or two to attending the meeting. It rests with the several chairmen to get their meetings advertised in such a way as to arrest attention and awaken interest. That accomplished, good audiences will gather and successful meetings will he held. Miss M. M. Mather, who did such effective work at the Summer Farmers' Institutes, has been engaged for the entire winter. She will attend Institutes in as many of the counties as possible during Ihe season, spending but one day in- each. Farmers' wives and daughters should bear this in mind, and be sure to hear Miss Mather when she comes to the Institute. The Institute speakers are seeking to make their instruction more practical and definite than in any previous year. For this purpose charts and diagrams are being prepared in the office of the Superintendent to enalle the speakers to present more clearly and forcibly their subjects. The farmer who feels disinclined on account of pressure of work should remember that the Institute comes but one to two days a year. If he will only go to the meeting in the right spirit, he will get suggestion, encouragement and inspiration that will far more than make up for the day or two that she will lose ou the farm by attending the Institute. W. C. Latta, Supt. Farmers Insts. Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. |
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