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VOL. XXIII. INDIANAPOLIS, IND., SATURDAY, OCT, 6 1888. NO. 40 WOOL AND WOOLENS. Some Important Statistics of Growth. In a recent report, Government Statisti- nin J. K. Dodge, of theJNatlonal Department of Agriculture, offers some import- tnt figures respecting the wool industry: The first table gives the number and value of sheep and production of wool in the United States from 1870 to 1887, from records of estimates of the statistician of the Department of Agriculture. 'It shows in increase in the number of sheep from 1S70 to 1883 of about 60 per cent, and of irool product about 88 Jper cent, due to development in breeding. The second table is the also familiar one of the Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department. ihowing the imports and exports of wools it the ports of the United States from 1870 to 1887. It shows an increase in importations from 49,230,196 pounds, valued at (6,743.350 in 1870, to 70,575,478 pounds, val- uedat§10,946,331,in 1883 ;129,084,958 pounds, valued at ?16,746,081, in 1886, and 114,038,- *S0 pounds, valued at 816,424,479, in 1887. Mr. Dodge says: "These imports are in very small part tlothirjg or combing wools, so that the mills producing cloth of all kinds use very little foreign wool. These imports are sai-ly carpet, wools. The carpet manu- icturing being very important, making CI hnt two or three per cent of the carpets wed ic the United States." 9 also gives a table of imports of raw wool by grades: Clothing wools. Combing wools. ftare. Pounds, Value. Pounds. Value. '* .. -21,175,2.8 {4,807,036 4,414,263 (1,017,311 ;ss 11,475,889 2,202,824 2,780,751 660,604 '* 40,968,837 6,651,260 7,196,554 1,608,764 --17,96 J.982 3,431,567 10,721,753 2,528,560 Total»9I,583,636 {17,153,237 25415,291 {5,824,539 A.V. 22,895.919 4,218,322 6,278,823 1,456,060 Carpet and Other similar wools. Totals. i«n. Pounds. Value Pounds. Value 'm .56,761,170 { 6,559,702 78,!50,R51 {12,384,709 j®- -56,3-9,530 5,947,495 70,596,170 8,879,923 ;* 81,917,887 8,436,0)7 129,034,958 16,746.081 '* 85,352,205 10,«64,>52 114,038,030 16,424,479 Totals 275 370,832 {31,4)7,666 392.069,809 {54,435,192 Av. 68,812,721 7.864,417 98,017,452 13,608,793 'For a more comprehensive view of the importation of wool, a statement is made °7 decades, for 60 years, going back near- J to the period of entire exclusion of wool torn. Great Britain during the war of 1812, 'ad covering all of the history of our man- "fectnres after their second birth orro- ^T&1 from destruction by an avalanche of ^Port.tions after that war. For 30 years '"'Ports were small, because the volume 01 manufacture was then very small. • W IMPORTATION OP RAW WOOL, 1822 TO 1887. P«iod: '--a. iai-w !*!-«0 1*1-70. :*1-S). 1*1-1 T *• Dodge continues; "There are no 4om reliable sources of information as to Nestle production of wool between 1820 W 84°" Namber8 ot sheep were small l^^aally increasing. From 1840 to ^ 'here are no annual estimates for this Of..parlaon, buta study of the numbers lor ^P and weight of fleece affords data *hionPr°Xllnate estimates for this period, con" are given by decades as follows, in ducti60"00 Wlth the latter records of Pro" wOOL RESOURCES BY DECADE, AVERAGE PER ANNUM. POUQdS. Annual Average Aggregate, average, Imports, ^3- pounds. pounds. per capita. 16,936,307 1,881,812 0.2 ■ 62.565,275 6,286,578 0.4 '- - 139,764,502 13,976,459 0.7 -— 230,106,287 23,010,620 09 50,161,113 1.4 . 640.916,638 64,091,554 1.5 79,205,585 1.4 f-Wloda. Nl-*).. _ Per capita. "Oducts. Imports. Total supply, supply. *>,f00,000 13,970,459 59,976,459 3.0 - ., ^'W.OCO 23,010,629 80,010,629 3_t l5l.!o~-j°O.COO,O0O 50,161,113 200,161,113 5.4 :^-67 ^•ZB'000 64,091,664 256,316 664. .6.8. 289''|28,W1 79,205,585 368,633,156 6.6 '*M0 '*i-:0: This presents," says Mr. Dodge, "the striking fact, never before determined with any precision, or even definitely mentioned, that the woolen manufacture has not merely kept pace with population, but has more than doubled its allowance per capita. And this brings us to the fact that the consumption of manufactured wools, including domestic manufacture and goods imported, has nearly doubled in this half century of progress in manufactures. A great impetus was given to the use of woolens as clothing by the experience of the soldiers of the recent war. Including the imported goods, the consumption then was not more than 4% pounds, while now it approximates 8 pounds. Then about two-thirds of the small requirement was manufactured at home; now about four-fifths. Then one- half the same quota of wool was of domestic production; now two-thirds, or, exclusive of carpet wools not then required or used, three-fourths. The value of net importation of manufacture of wool from 1830 to 1887, inclusive, by decades is as follows. Average Annual value per Ten years ending— Aggregate, average, capita. 1830 {82,900,616 {8,290,064 .75 1810 138,507,716 13.950,772 .91 1850 130,058,518 13,015.852 .6r> 1860 313,332.730 31,333.273 1.16 1870 : 330,465,214 33,046,521 .94 1880 ; 395,376,936 39,537,694 .90 7 years ending 1886 277,402,170 39'628,891 .72. Totals 1,669,(43,899 24,911,103 It isfseen and will surprise many to see that the per capita of importations of woolens has been constantly declining since 1860. The importations also are mainly fine cloths and dress goods, which people of fashion will buy at any price, simply because they are foreign. Fine broadcloths are as yet not manufactured extensively, if at all, and therefore constitute a prominent part of the importation of cloth goods. ■ » THE WORLD'S WHEAT CROP. Summary of the Situation by an Old Observer. Mr. J. W. Harris, of London, who is an old and careful observer of the world's productions, contributes the following to a foreign publication on the 12th of September: The largest wheat consuming countries are Franc?, Great Britain, Germany. Au- stro-Hungary, Italy and Switzerland, Spain and Portugal.Belgium and Holland, Sweden and Denmark. The crops of these countries vary,from an average in the case of Spain, to 25 percent deficient;! n the case of France and Italy, and probably nearly as much in Great Britain,North Germany, Belgium and Holland. The "Vienna Congress of Statisticians has estimated the total deficitof Europe at 15}_ per cent. In the present calculation we will eliminate Russia, Roumania, and Turkey, where the crops are undoubtedly good, and we will oonfine ourselves to the above list. x We will calculate the average deficiency at 15 per cent on the'Jnumber of quarters produced last year in these countries List year's crop exceeded an average in nearly all of them. The quantity produced by these countries in an average year is about 111,000,000 quarters, and on ihat basis the extra requirements of this year, over and above what was consumed last year, would be 16,500,000 quartets.even if the wheat were of equally good quality to that of last year. It will not, however, be fair to make any such calculation. The whf at grown this year is very inferior to tlat'grownlast year, and it will make at least 5 per cent less flour, and consequently less bread. We therefore, arrive at a deficiency of 22,000,000 quarters of bread- making material in the European countries above stated. Against this is an ex tra stock of 3,000,000 quarters, which re- daces the absolute deficiency to about 19,- 000,000 quarters. It now remains for us to try and find out where we may expect an extra supply of sufficient importance to balance this most serious deficiency. The chief exporting countries of the world are the United States and Canada, Russia and Roumania, India, Australasia, ' the Argentine|Republic and Chili. We take themintheirorder of importance. The United States has a smaller crop than last year, and the quality is not so good. It is not likely that she will be able to export in wheat and flour (even taking the Pacific States into due account) within 5, 000,000 quarters of what she has done during the past 12 months, Russia and Roumania may possibly ex port 3,000,000 quarters more than last year. Although the Russian crop is not equal to last year, yet the stock of fully 3,000,000 quarters old wheat still remains, and may add to that extent to her export, while Roumania is credited with an excellent crop. India may be able to spare 1,500,000 quar tirs more than last season if prospects for the next harvest remain satisfactory. Australasia may exceed last year's exports by 2,000,000 quarters. The crops harvested last January were good, and the prospects of another harvest which will be in time to contribute something towards the year's requirements in Europe are thus far satis factory. Canada may export 1,500,000 quarters more than last year, while the Argentine Republic and Chili have smaller crops, and will not contribute their usual quantity. To recapitulate, therefore, we may expect an excess of supply over laBt year's from Quarters. Russia and Koumanla 3,000 0C0 India „ 1.500,000 Australasia 2,000,000 Canada l,5CO,O0O therefore tell the other way, namely, that an increased consumption of wheat was likely to be caused by this circumstance. Together 8.O00.C00 And from the United States a decrease ot.—.. 5,000,000 Leaving on balance 3,000,000 to supply 19,000,000 quarters of extra requirements. Thus there will be an actual deficiency of 16,000,000 quarters. This result is based on a presumed de ficiency in the crop's flour-making properties equivalent to 30 per cent in the before-named European countries, a result which means that prices may advance enormously. We will therefore presume that the calculation thus far has been erroneous. We will suppose that the importing countries have stock from the last crop left over amounting in the aggregate to 5,000,000 quarters beyond a normal quantity, and that their crops are within 15 per cent in flour-making material of what they were last year. On this basis we should have extra requirements of 16, 500,000 quarters, or, deducting the 5,000,000 quarters held over, of 11,500,000 quarters On the other side of the account, we will again suppose that the United States shows a deficient export of only 3,000,000 quarters, against the surpluses before mentioned of 3,000,000 quarters from Russia and Ron mania,l,500,000 quarters from India, 2,000, 000 quarters from Australasia,and 1,000,000 quarters from Canada—in all 8,000.000 quarters; again we find the result sufii ciently alarming. We have on balance extra supplies of 5,000,000 quarters and ex tra wants of 11,500,000 quarters. It may, however, be argued that in such countries as Germany, where a considerable portion of the population are willing to eat rye bread as a substitute for wheaten, they will in this manner economize, the consumption of wheat; but this is ren dered impossible by the fact that the rye orop:in that country is more deficient than the wheat crop, and the argument would Marketing: Hints. It is not always possible, however, to take marketing lessons, and such help as can be given without practical demonstration shall be given here. Fine, well-fed beef may be known by yellowish-white fat—very firm, and of a fine-grained bright-red lean. Very good beef is sometimes not very fat. That is to say, an excellent steak may only have a half-inch band of fat round it,or even less, instead of tho inch that the butcher is proud to po nt out; but this narrow band must be fat, and not gristle. Sometimes meat, instead of being covered with fat, is covered with a quarter of an inch of gristle; at others there will be the gristle, but it will have an outside layer of fat. These indications do not always show bad meat, only that it is second class. This is the case when the grain of the meat is good, and the kidney-fat firm and good. Where the gristle is found in conjunction with a dull red, or, as we may borrow a term from art to describe it accurately, a darkish terra-cotta red, the meat is to be avoided altogether. To return to fine meat—the color differs in different parts. The leg, neck and coarser parts are, as a rule, darker than prime parts. The sirloin is a rosy red, the rib a shade darker, mottled with white fat, and without a vein running through it. The round is of a bright juicy-looking red on the upper or tender side— (which is really the inside of the leg and less exposed in the animal to use and weather), the lower side—"the vein"—as butchers call it, is paler and dryer. In a really fine round of beef, the blood will ooze from the grain as it is cut. The best cuts from such a round, if the ox has been killed long enough, surpass any other Bteak in flavor and will be quite as tender. The best steaks are those which are cut before the broad band of fat is reached, but excellent ones are cut three or feur inches after this, then the round begins to decrease in size, the meat gets darker, the grain of it coarser and suitable for a In mode beef stews, etc , but not for steaks. —Catherine Owen, in The Home-Maker. FEUIT HOUSE. A subscriber asks for a plan for building a fruit house. Such a plan would depend upon the amount of fruit to be stored. If only a small amount of fruit is to be kept a small and inexpensive house would be suiTicient. If it is intended to store large quantities for the spring market the owner might be justified in constructing not only a larger but more elaborate building. The main thing to consider In a fruit Btorage room is dry cool air. The walls of the house should be double to prevent freezing in severe weather, and ventilators should be provided to be opened during the milder days. A thermometer should be kept in the room, and the temperature be kept as nearly even as possible, by means of the ventilator. We have kept our apples, for three winters past, in the garret, and recommend this plan over that of keoping them in an ordinary cellar. Cellars are generally too damp. The girret is dry and cool, and when kept dark and the fruit covered with old carpets or quilts, but little injury is done if it is frozen. Thawing out in the dark makes it mellow and juloy, but does not cause it to decay. Read editor! ii, Art of Farming, on storing apples in this number. Before putting away the plows for winter coat them with a mixture of lard and rosin, in the proportion of three parts to one. This application will keep the rust away.
Object Description
Title | Indiana farmer, 1888, v. 23, no. 40 (Oct. 6) |
Purdue Identification Number | INFA2340 |
Date of Original | 1888 |
Subjects (LCSH) |
Agriculture Farm management Horticulture Agricultural machinery |
Subjects (NALT) |
agriculture farm management horticulture agricultural machinery and equipment |
Genre | Periodical |
Call Number of Original | 630.5 In2 |
Location of Original | Hicks Repository |
Coverage | United States - Indiana |
Type | text |
Format | JP2 |
Language | eng |
Collection Title | Indiana Farmer |
Rights Statement | Content in the Indiana Farmer Collection is in the public domain (published before 1923) or lacks a known copyright holder. Digital images in the collection may be used for educational, non-commercial, or not-for-profit purposes. |
Repository | Purdue University Libraries |
Date Digitized | 2011-01-19 |
Digitization Information | Original scanned at 300 ppi on a Bookeye 3 scanner using internal software. Display images generated in CONTENTdm as JP2000s; file format for archival copy is uncompressed TIF format. |
Description
Title | Page 1 |
Subjects (LCSH) |
Agriculture Farm management Horticulture Agricultural machinery |
Subjects (NALT) |
agriculture farm management horticulture agricultural machinery and equipment |
Genre | Periodical |
Call Number of Original | 630.5 In2 |
Location of Original | Hicks Repository |
Coverage | Indiana |
Type | text |
Format | JP2 |
Language | eng |
Collection Title | Indiana Farmer |
Rights Statement | Content in the Indiana Farmer Collection is in the public domain (published before 1923) or lacks a known copyright holder. Digital images in the collection may be used for educational, non-commercial, or non-for-profit purposes. |
Repository | Purdue University Libraries |
Digitization Information | Orignal scanned at 300 ppi on a Bookeye 3 scanner using internal software. Display images generated in CONTENTdm as JP2000s; file format for archival copy is uncompressed TIF format. |
Transcript | VOL. XXIII. INDIANAPOLIS, IND., SATURDAY, OCT, 6 1888. NO. 40 WOOL AND WOOLENS. Some Important Statistics of Growth. In a recent report, Government Statisti- nin J. K. Dodge, of theJNatlonal Department of Agriculture, offers some import- tnt figures respecting the wool industry: The first table gives the number and value of sheep and production of wool in the United States from 1870 to 1887, from records of estimates of the statistician of the Department of Agriculture. 'It shows in increase in the number of sheep from 1S70 to 1883 of about 60 per cent, and of irool product about 88 Jper cent, due to development in breeding. The second table is the also familiar one of the Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department. ihowing the imports and exports of wools it the ports of the United States from 1870 to 1887. It shows an increase in importations from 49,230,196 pounds, valued at (6,743.350 in 1870, to 70,575,478 pounds, val- uedat§10,946,331,in 1883 ;129,084,958 pounds, valued at ?16,746,081, in 1886, and 114,038,- *S0 pounds, valued at 816,424,479, in 1887. Mr. Dodge says: "These imports are in very small part tlothirjg or combing wools, so that the mills producing cloth of all kinds use very little foreign wool. These imports are sai-ly carpet, wools. The carpet manu- icturing being very important, making CI hnt two or three per cent of the carpets wed ic the United States." 9 also gives a table of imports of raw wool by grades: Clothing wools. Combing wools. ftare. Pounds, Value. Pounds. Value. '* .. -21,175,2.8 {4,807,036 4,414,263 (1,017,311 ;ss 11,475,889 2,202,824 2,780,751 660,604 '* 40,968,837 6,651,260 7,196,554 1,608,764 --17,96 J.982 3,431,567 10,721,753 2,528,560 Total»9I,583,636 {17,153,237 25415,291 {5,824,539 A.V. 22,895.919 4,218,322 6,278,823 1,456,060 Carpet and Other similar wools. Totals. i«n. Pounds. Value Pounds. Value 'm .56,761,170 { 6,559,702 78,!50,R51 {12,384,709 j®- -56,3-9,530 5,947,495 70,596,170 8,879,923 ;* 81,917,887 8,436,0)7 129,034,958 16,746.081 '* 85,352,205 10,«64,>52 114,038,030 16,424,479 Totals 275 370,832 {31,4)7,666 392.069,809 {54,435,192 Av. 68,812,721 7.864,417 98,017,452 13,608,793 'For a more comprehensive view of the importation of wool, a statement is made °7 decades, for 60 years, going back near- J to the period of entire exclusion of wool torn. Great Britain during the war of 1812, 'ad covering all of the history of our man- "fectnres after their second birth orro- ^T&1 from destruction by an avalanche of ^Port.tions after that war. For 30 years '"'Ports were small, because the volume 01 manufacture was then very small. • W IMPORTATION OP RAW WOOL, 1822 TO 1887. P«iod: '--a. iai-w !*!-«0 1*1-70. :*1-S). 1*1-1 T *• Dodge continues; "There are no 4om reliable sources of information as to Nestle production of wool between 1820 W 84°" Namber8 ot sheep were small l^^aally increasing. From 1840 to ^ 'here are no annual estimates for this Of..parlaon, buta study of the numbers lor ^P and weight of fleece affords data *hionPr°Xllnate estimates for this period, con" are given by decades as follows, in ducti60"00 Wlth the latter records of Pro" wOOL RESOURCES BY DECADE, AVERAGE PER ANNUM. POUQdS. Annual Average Aggregate, average, Imports, ^3- pounds. pounds. per capita. 16,936,307 1,881,812 0.2 ■ 62.565,275 6,286,578 0.4 '- - 139,764,502 13,976,459 0.7 -— 230,106,287 23,010,620 09 50,161,113 1.4 . 640.916,638 64,091,554 1.5 79,205,585 1.4 f-Wloda. Nl-*).. _ Per capita. "Oducts. Imports. Total supply, supply. *>,f00,000 13,970,459 59,976,459 3.0 - ., ^'W.OCO 23,010,629 80,010,629 3_t l5l.!o~-j°O.COO,O0O 50,161,113 200,161,113 5.4 :^-67 ^•ZB'000 64,091,664 256,316 664. .6.8. 289''|28,W1 79,205,585 368,633,156 6.6 '*M0 '*i-:0: This presents," says Mr. Dodge, "the striking fact, never before determined with any precision, or even definitely mentioned, that the woolen manufacture has not merely kept pace with population, but has more than doubled its allowance per capita. And this brings us to the fact that the consumption of manufactured wools, including domestic manufacture and goods imported, has nearly doubled in this half century of progress in manufactures. A great impetus was given to the use of woolens as clothing by the experience of the soldiers of the recent war. Including the imported goods, the consumption then was not more than 4% pounds, while now it approximates 8 pounds. Then about two-thirds of the small requirement was manufactured at home; now about four-fifths. Then one- half the same quota of wool was of domestic production; now two-thirds, or, exclusive of carpet wools not then required or used, three-fourths. The value of net importation of manufacture of wool from 1830 to 1887, inclusive, by decades is as follows. Average Annual value per Ten years ending— Aggregate, average, capita. 1830 {82,900,616 {8,290,064 .75 1810 138,507,716 13.950,772 .91 1850 130,058,518 13,015.852 .6r> 1860 313,332.730 31,333.273 1.16 1870 : 330,465,214 33,046,521 .94 1880 ; 395,376,936 39,537,694 .90 7 years ending 1886 277,402,170 39'628,891 .72. Totals 1,669,(43,899 24,911,103 It isfseen and will surprise many to see that the per capita of importations of woolens has been constantly declining since 1860. The importations also are mainly fine cloths and dress goods, which people of fashion will buy at any price, simply because they are foreign. Fine broadcloths are as yet not manufactured extensively, if at all, and therefore constitute a prominent part of the importation of cloth goods. ■ » THE WORLD'S WHEAT CROP. Summary of the Situation by an Old Observer. Mr. J. W. Harris, of London, who is an old and careful observer of the world's productions, contributes the following to a foreign publication on the 12th of September: The largest wheat consuming countries are Franc?, Great Britain, Germany. Au- stro-Hungary, Italy and Switzerland, Spain and Portugal.Belgium and Holland, Sweden and Denmark. The crops of these countries vary,from an average in the case of Spain, to 25 percent deficient;! n the case of France and Italy, and probably nearly as much in Great Britain,North Germany, Belgium and Holland. The "Vienna Congress of Statisticians has estimated the total deficitof Europe at 15}_ per cent. In the present calculation we will eliminate Russia, Roumania, and Turkey, where the crops are undoubtedly good, and we will oonfine ourselves to the above list. x We will calculate the average deficiency at 15 per cent on the'Jnumber of quarters produced last year in these countries List year's crop exceeded an average in nearly all of them. The quantity produced by these countries in an average year is about 111,000,000 quarters, and on ihat basis the extra requirements of this year, over and above what was consumed last year, would be 16,500,000 quartets.even if the wheat were of equally good quality to that of last year. It will not, however, be fair to make any such calculation. The whf at grown this year is very inferior to tlat'grownlast year, and it will make at least 5 per cent less flour, and consequently less bread. We therefore, arrive at a deficiency of 22,000,000 quarters of bread- making material in the European countries above stated. Against this is an ex tra stock of 3,000,000 quarters, which re- daces the absolute deficiency to about 19,- 000,000 quarters. It now remains for us to try and find out where we may expect an extra supply of sufficient importance to balance this most serious deficiency. The chief exporting countries of the world are the United States and Canada, Russia and Roumania, India, Australasia, ' the Argentine|Republic and Chili. We take themintheirorder of importance. The United States has a smaller crop than last year, and the quality is not so good. It is not likely that she will be able to export in wheat and flour (even taking the Pacific States into due account) within 5, 000,000 quarters of what she has done during the past 12 months, Russia and Roumania may possibly ex port 3,000,000 quarters more than last year. Although the Russian crop is not equal to last year, yet the stock of fully 3,000,000 quarters old wheat still remains, and may add to that extent to her export, while Roumania is credited with an excellent crop. India may be able to spare 1,500,000 quar tirs more than last season if prospects for the next harvest remain satisfactory. Australasia may exceed last year's exports by 2,000,000 quarters. The crops harvested last January were good, and the prospects of another harvest which will be in time to contribute something towards the year's requirements in Europe are thus far satis factory. Canada may export 1,500,000 quarters more than last year, while the Argentine Republic and Chili have smaller crops, and will not contribute their usual quantity. To recapitulate, therefore, we may expect an excess of supply over laBt year's from Quarters. Russia and Koumanla 3,000 0C0 India „ 1.500,000 Australasia 2,000,000 Canada l,5CO,O0O therefore tell the other way, namely, that an increased consumption of wheat was likely to be caused by this circumstance. Together 8.O00.C00 And from the United States a decrease ot.—.. 5,000,000 Leaving on balance 3,000,000 to supply 19,000,000 quarters of extra requirements. Thus there will be an actual deficiency of 16,000,000 quarters. This result is based on a presumed de ficiency in the crop's flour-making properties equivalent to 30 per cent in the before-named European countries, a result which means that prices may advance enormously. We will therefore presume that the calculation thus far has been erroneous. We will suppose that the importing countries have stock from the last crop left over amounting in the aggregate to 5,000,000 quarters beyond a normal quantity, and that their crops are within 15 per cent in flour-making material of what they were last year. On this basis we should have extra requirements of 16, 500,000 quarters, or, deducting the 5,000,000 quarters held over, of 11,500,000 quarters On the other side of the account, we will again suppose that the United States shows a deficient export of only 3,000,000 quarters, against the surpluses before mentioned of 3,000,000 quarters from Russia and Ron mania,l,500,000 quarters from India, 2,000, 000 quarters from Australasia,and 1,000,000 quarters from Canada—in all 8,000.000 quarters; again we find the result sufii ciently alarming. We have on balance extra supplies of 5,000,000 quarters and ex tra wants of 11,500,000 quarters. It may, however, be argued that in such countries as Germany, where a considerable portion of the population are willing to eat rye bread as a substitute for wheaten, they will in this manner economize, the consumption of wheat; but this is ren dered impossible by the fact that the rye orop:in that country is more deficient than the wheat crop, and the argument would Marketing: Hints. It is not always possible, however, to take marketing lessons, and such help as can be given without practical demonstration shall be given here. Fine, well-fed beef may be known by yellowish-white fat—very firm, and of a fine-grained bright-red lean. Very good beef is sometimes not very fat. That is to say, an excellent steak may only have a half-inch band of fat round it,or even less, instead of tho inch that the butcher is proud to po nt out; but this narrow band must be fat, and not gristle. Sometimes meat, instead of being covered with fat, is covered with a quarter of an inch of gristle; at others there will be the gristle, but it will have an outside layer of fat. These indications do not always show bad meat, only that it is second class. This is the case when the grain of the meat is good, and the kidney-fat firm and good. Where the gristle is found in conjunction with a dull red, or, as we may borrow a term from art to describe it accurately, a darkish terra-cotta red, the meat is to be avoided altogether. To return to fine meat—the color differs in different parts. The leg, neck and coarser parts are, as a rule, darker than prime parts. The sirloin is a rosy red, the rib a shade darker, mottled with white fat, and without a vein running through it. The round is of a bright juicy-looking red on the upper or tender side— (which is really the inside of the leg and less exposed in the animal to use and weather), the lower side—"the vein"—as butchers call it, is paler and dryer. In a really fine round of beef, the blood will ooze from the grain as it is cut. The best cuts from such a round, if the ox has been killed long enough, surpass any other Bteak in flavor and will be quite as tender. The best steaks are those which are cut before the broad band of fat is reached, but excellent ones are cut three or feur inches after this, then the round begins to decrease in size, the meat gets darker, the grain of it coarser and suitable for a In mode beef stews, etc , but not for steaks. —Catherine Owen, in The Home-Maker. FEUIT HOUSE. A subscriber asks for a plan for building a fruit house. Such a plan would depend upon the amount of fruit to be stored. If only a small amount of fruit is to be kept a small and inexpensive house would be suiTicient. If it is intended to store large quantities for the spring market the owner might be justified in constructing not only a larger but more elaborate building. The main thing to consider In a fruit Btorage room is dry cool air. The walls of the house should be double to prevent freezing in severe weather, and ventilators should be provided to be opened during the milder days. A thermometer should be kept in the room, and the temperature be kept as nearly even as possible, by means of the ventilator. We have kept our apples, for three winters past, in the garret, and recommend this plan over that of keoping them in an ordinary cellar. Cellars are generally too damp. The girret is dry and cool, and when kept dark and the fruit covered with old carpets or quilts, but little injury is done if it is frozen. Thawing out in the dark makes it mellow and juloy, but does not cause it to decay. Read editor! ii, Art of Farming, on storing apples in this number. Before putting away the plows for winter coat them with a mixture of lard and rosin, in the proportion of three parts to one. This application will keep the rust away. |
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