hJj&_^,S^;^Jtt:<tJ-|L!t^
VOL. XIII.
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA, OCTOBER 19, 1878.
FOB SAtE.
FOR SALE—The   Farm  Register and  Account
Book.   Complete method of keeping farm ae-
^.inw  Prleefl each. Address INDIANA FARMER
COMPANY, Indianapolis.
FOR SALE—I have a few head of Jersey Red pigs
now ready to ship, of undoubted purity, of both
m*   at reasonable prices.   HARRIS SHEPPARD,
ppencer, Owen Co., Ind.
OR SALE—150 Berkshires from my imported herd.
F
flSto
stock
Pigs weighing i0 to 100 pounds, $10; young sows,
ol*JS. They are as fine as the finest pedigreed
K.   WM. H. FALL, Lebanon, Boone Co.; Ind.
10RSALE—I have a fine lot of Berkshire pigs now
I   ready to ship.   These pigs are of undoubted purl-
tv and I will sell at prices to suit the times.   Satisfaction guaranteed.   Also a few Cotswoid lambs: all
very nice.   JACOR KENNEDY, Tipton, Hendricks
very
Co., Ind.
WAXTE1).
Tf7*ANTED—To exchange spring mattresses and
.   \\   lounges for country produce.   No. 4.3 Massachusetts Avenue, Indianapolis.	
» rANTED—Any one wanting a good farm wagon,
>Y   buggv or carriage, new or second-hand, to call
on G. H- SftOVER. 174 E. Market street, Indianapolis,   Repairing of all kinds promptly attended to.
Wi
STRAYED OR STOXKX.
OTBAYKD Oil STOLEN—A dark, bay mare; black
"*5 mane and tail; left hind foot white; small white
spot In forehead; three years old; medium size for age;
shod before. A liberal reward will be given for return
of animal or information respecting same. Address
ELIZA J. JfEIOKK, llroad Ripple, Ind.	
SIISCEIXAXKOIJSi.
PERSONS moving West, -wanting wagon and
house covers, tents, etc.. should call on, or address, CHARLES THATCHER, CI S. 111. St., Indianapolis.
C. BURGESS, Dentist.   Office In room 4 Va-
jen's Exchange Block, N. Pennsylvania St.
TO LOAN—Money to loan   on  improved farms.
J, II. IIARDEBECK, 36 East Market street, Indianapolis.
MONEY TO LOAN—Sums of*300 to £1,000 on Improved    farms.     RUDDELL,   WALCOTT   &
fl. pro
INTO>
VINTON, Indianapolis, Ind.
GKEGG RASPBERRY—"The coming berry"—
' "Farewell Mammoth Cluster." So say all ofthe
best Judges who have tried it. Price, fl per dozen; r$>
per 100, and (35 per 1000.. Address J. S. WINCHESTER, Greensburg, Ind.
Wivt jgMotlt.
Mr. Stephen Duncan, of Johnson
Co., purchased from Samuels & Hodgson,
at the State Fair, the young ewe that
took sweepstakes premium as best sheep
on exhibition.
Messrs. Churchman & Jackson,
were very successful with their herd of
Jerseys at the St. Louis fair last week,
capturing $375 in premiums and selling
four heifers at an aggregate of $3,000.
S. H. Todd, of Wakeman, O., exhibit-
. ed 29 of his Chester Whites at the State
Fair, on which he took six first and two
second premiums. On his eleven head
of Shropshire Down sheep he took two
first and one second premium.
American Association of Breeders of
Short-Horns — Postponement of
Meeting.
Secretary's Office, Greecastj.k, Ind., |
October 11,1878.    J
To the Editors Indiana Farmer:
Owing to the prevalence of the yellow
fever in the South, the convention ofthe
American Association of Breeders of
"Short-horns, which was announced for
the 30th of October, at Nashville, Tennessee, is hereby postponed until further
notice.-  By order of the president.
S. F. Lockridge, Sec'y.
General    Hints    Concerning    Hog
Cholera.
Use air slacked lime freely in and about
the pens. Place m mixture of salt and
wood ashes where the hog can at all
times have free access to it. W. W. H.,
of Henry county, Illinois, is sure the disease originates in the lung, and he has
found that turpentine given on anthracite coal is good. He lost but two or
three hogs after he commenced to
sprinkle carbolic acid in the places
where they slept and a little in the water
they drank. Mr. S., of Moultrie county,
Illinois, has had very good success with
four ounces of crystalized carbolic acid
dissolved in one half pint of rain water,
a dose being twenty-five drops to each
hog, or one teaspoonful to four hogs, given
in a little slop or niilk. In another case,
one-half a pound of the flour of sulphur was given to each hog and all recovered. In another herd in which the
disease prevailed, and the animals seemed
to be much constipated, large doses of
calomel were given and the result was,
they all recovered. Dr. J. M. Johnson,
of Locksburg, Arkansas, has also reported to the Departmentof Agriculture a
prescription which gives promise of being
valuable, not only as a preventive but as
a remedy. It is composed of the following ingredients: To one gallon of tar add
four ounces of calomel, one-half pound of
copperas and one-half pound of golden
seal. Stir well, and with a wooden paddle spread it lightly on an ear of corn
and give one to each hog or shoat every
three weeks, but if the disease prevails,
give one ear to each once a week. This
remedy is tonic, diuretic, alterative and
anthelmintic (curing worms) in its character.—Farm and Fireside.
A correspondent of the Country Gen-
leman, location not given, reports a gain
of 103 pounds—from 481 to 584—in thirty-
eight days by a Poland China boar; a
gain of a little less than three pounds
daily by a sow of same breed, and a gain
of 25 pounds in two weeks by a "spring
P'g."   The mode of feeding is not given.
Breeding Farm Horses.
Mr. Finlay Dun, of England, not long
since, read a paper upon the "Breeding
and Management of Farm Stock, before
the Sevenoaks Farmers' Club, which is
full of valuable suggestions, and worthy
of careful study. Upon the subject of
breeding farm horses, he said:
Healthy, vigorous, well-shaped parents
usually  have healthy,   vigorous,   well-
shaped offsprings, and in the same manner the imperfections and diseases ofthe
parents are prone to appear in the progeny.   A cart stallion like Honest Tom of
Mr. Drew's Clydesdale Prince of Wales,
himself symmetrical and sound, leaves,
a large-proportion of shapely, sound, and
serviceable stock.    A draft stallion with
round, gummy legs and coarse hair (a
type of too many of the ordinary horses
traveling) as he   advances  in years,  is
pretty certain to become   affected with
inflammation of the   lymphatic glands
and vessels of his hind limbs, or weed,
and of congestion of the sebaceous glands
of his heels,  or grease; and with  equal
certainty his faculty conformation and
consequent tendency to disease reappear
in his progeny.   Equally hereditary are
those ring and side bones which so materially lessen the value, for town work,
of so many big, and otherwise good, cart
horses.   How constantly the weak, narrow hocks, which predispose to spavin,
and the straight, small  hocks that are
subject tocurb, continue unsatisfactorilly
to mar each successive generation. Some
thoroughbred sires arc roarers; in other
words, they have wasting of the larynx,
and this serious shortcoming diminishes
the value of a large proportion of their
progeny. Habits, longevity, temper, and
vices, are all transmissible, and so, ina
marked degree, are the imperfections and
weaknesses which constitute disease or
predispose to   it. ..The practical deduction from this ln'<55;orable law of like producing like  is,  to use for breeding purposes only serviceable, sound materials,
to eschew starved, narrow,  ill-favored,
weakly subjects, and to realize that it is
about as fruitless to endeavor to make a
silk purse out of a sow's ear as to produce
superior from  inferior  animals.    Some
breeders believe, or act asif they believed,
that the sire has the chief influence in
determining the health and usefulness of
the offspring, and that the dam might be
regarded merely as a kind of passive instrument, or a sort of hatching machine.
This is a mistake.    Parents impress their
physical   and   other  qualities tolerably
equally on the offspring.   Virtually, the
progeny should be the mean of the two
parents;   but  they are  not always so.
Much uncertainty of result occurs when
dissimilar parents are mated. Other modifying  circumstances also   intervene to
render the offspring more like the sire
than the dam, or vice versa.   The best
bred parent,  that is the parent whose
family has been longest bred from similar
strains,   perpetuates  most  strongly its
characteristics.   Thus a well-bred Shorthorn bull leaves very prominently his
mark on ordinary dairy cows. His calves,
even from mongrels of endless variety,
are often tolerably like himself in shape
and style, and even in color.   Such facts
afford the strongest argument for registering the pedigrees of all male animals.
The Messrs. Weatherby's stud book has
long been in operation; most breeds of
cattle have their herd books;  the first
volume of a Clydesdale stud book is in
preparation; and the English Cart Horse
Stud Association is inaugurated to preserve and publish pedigrees of the old
shire-bred horses, and thus put an authentic stamp on   reliable   and   impressive
sires.    In their appreciation of properly
attested pedigrees, our Australian cousins
are wiser than most English breeders;
they will scarcely purchase or use a male
animal without a respectable pedigree.
The parent which, at the period of copulation, happens to be in the highest state
of health   and vigor  often   makes the
greatest mark upon the progeny, and this
forms a strong argument for maintaining
all breeding stock in a sound and vigorous state.   Observation,  extending over
all descriptions of stock,   demonstrates
that the male parent contributes more
notable the size and external form, the
boney skeleton, and the skin and its appendages; whilst the internal organs, and
hence the constitution, more especially follow the female parent.   From such observations the practical carollary is dedu-
cible that the breeder, desirous to improve the size, hair, or plumage of his animals, must be especially particular as
to the male parent.    A horse with a tendency to splints, spavins, ringliones, and
other  diseases  of the  bones, transmits
these defects with greater certainty than
the female parent,   who,   on her part is
more likely to perpetuate a tuberculous
or weakly constitution  or a sluggish or
vicious temper,  qualities which mainly
result  from the  internal organization.
Reversion, atavism, or calling back frequently intervenes to modify the progeny
and makes them resemble their grandparents, or even their ancestors, rather
than their immediate forebears. From this
law good and bad points alike crop up
unexpectedly in all animals.   A remote
cross of a soft or non-staying sort has
ST. LOUIS.
•slow to. Rapist Traiult-The Clty-Parlt* and
Usii-driM-sarssat Steel Hrldfre-Kxpooltlois
tsjsd Fttlr. Etc.
t ' Xj-£VS7^j
■_,^E0JUi&trm;W&tiri2*
Fnrht A- Hrndlej-Vi Xew Sulky Plow.
sometimes nun-red tlie prospects of many
of the progeny of a Derby winner, himself
above the average in speed and endurance. Professor Williams, in his work
on veterinary medicine, records the ease
of a cart stallion which, although sound
Hid serviceable himself, left many rick
or jinked-back colts, the explanation being that his dum had suffered from seri-
oushereditnry malady. Those accustomed to look carefully at animals will frequently trace the lineaments of a famous
sire in his progeny three or four generations removed. Horse breeders thus recognize especially the head and carriage
of such sires as Xewministcr and Blair
Athol; whilesliort-liorn breeders are constantly struck with the similarity which
younganimalsexhibitto such impressive
sires as 4th Duke of Thonidale, 7th Duke
of York, and Earl of Dublin, although
these notables may occur several lines
down their pedigree.
 St-    SSI        » .	
Raising Figs for Breeding.
Pigs that are to be kept for breeders
should have a mixed diet—plenty of
bone and muscle forming food—and
ample opportunity for exercise. If permitted tlie run of a good pasture (clover
is the best) a moderate supply of corn
will do them good and aid in •promoting
a healthy growth; but if the circumstances of the breeder are such that he
cannot have the benefit of pasture for his
pigs, then lie must endeavor to supply a
substitute by using a variety of food—
such as skimmed milk, wheat middlings,
ground oats, mixed with oil-meal occasionally. A most excellent food may be
prepared by mixingsix parts of good peas
with five parts of cornmeal and one part
of oil meal; or the peas, corn and flaxseed may be cooked and fed without
grinding if desired. Oats and peas
ground together and cooked make an excellent food. Cooked potatoes mixed
with cornmeal make a good combination; in short, all the various grains and
roots raised on the farm may be used to
advantage in raising pigs, and they
should nearly all be used when the pigs
arc not allowed the run of a good pasture.
A variety of food, such as is above suggested, fed liberally and accompanied by
plenty of exercise, will promote a healthy
and symmetrical development and also
insure a steady growth.—X. Y. Herald.
which is charged, during mastication,
with four times its weight of saliva.
Now the stomach, to digest it well,
will contain but about ten quarts,
when the animal eats one-third of his
daily rations, or seven pounds, in one and
one-half hours, he has swallowed, at
least, two stomachs full of hay and saliva,
pay of these having passed to the intestine. Observation has shown that the'
food is passed to tlie intestine by tlie
stomach in the order in which it is received. If we feed a horse six quarts of
oats it will just fill his stomach, and if, as
soon as he finishes this, we feet! him the
above ration of seven pounds of hay, lie
will eat sufficient in three-quarters of an
hour to have forced the oats entirely out
of his stomach into the intestine. As it
is the office of the stomach to digest the
nitrogenous parts'of the feed, and as a
stomachful of oats contains four or five
times as much of these as the same
amount of hay, it is certain that either
the stomach must secrete the gastic juice
five times as fast, which is hardly possible, or it must retain this food five times
as long. By feeding the oats first, it can
only be retained long enough for the
proper digestion of hay, consequently it
seems logical, when feeding a concentrated food like oats, with a bulky one like
hay, to feed tho latter first, giving the
grain the whole time between tlie repast
to lie digested.
The Digestion of the Horse.
Every owner of a horse will certainly
appreciate the fact that the more he
knows of the organism of the animal the
better he is off. A little study of the
physiology of the horse would result in
such knowledge, as to prevent the frequent injuries which result from injudicious feeding and treatment. A very
simple and clear description of the digestion ofthe horse is given by Colvin, and
we publish it:
The horse's stomach has a capacity of
only about sixteen quarts, while that of
the ox has two hundred and fifty. In
the instances, this proportion is reversed,
the horse having a capacity of one hundred and ninety quarts against one hundred of the ox. The ox and most other
animals have a gall-bladder for the retention of a part of the bile secreted
during digestion; the horse has none,
and the bile Hows directly into the intestine as fast as secreted. The construction of the digestive apparatus indicates
that the horse was formed to eat slowly
and digest continually bulky and innu-
tritious food. When fed on hay it passes
very rapidly through the stomach into
the intestine. The horse can eat but
aliout five pounds of hay in an hour,
St. Louis, Oct. 11,1878.
Twenty-live years ago the traveler
from Indiana to the West, after long and
careful preparation, embarked in the
farm wagon and depart ed amid the lamentations of an anxious family and
friends, who had serious doubts of ever
again seeing the reckless adventurer.
After weeks of arduous toil and wrestling
with mud, ague, ( and mosquitoes, our
traveler would reach the West, with cadaverous frame, blackened visage, and
the former fat,>and sleek family nags,
reduced to skeletons.
. Xow-adays, tho traveler can at a light
expense, secure a seat in an elegant car
on the Vandalia Fast Line. Hecan dine
at home before starting on the trip, or,
if he prefers, can dine while traveling at
the rate of forty miles an hour, in the
splendid hotel cur attached to the train.
A chat with the neighbors, reading the
news of the day, glimpses of broad prairie
and green fringes of timber, a magnificent view of the "Father of Waters" as
you cross tlie great steel bridge, and the
quick and pleasant trip is ended by the
arrival in St. Louis iu time for supper.
st. rxuris,
the "future great city" of America, as
its people earnestly believe, is one ofthe
oldest cities in the West, a settlement
having been made here by the French
in 17G4. The older portion of the city is
hot very attractive, many of the buildings being old, and the streets narrow.
Tlie modern part of the city is more
sightly in appearance. Handsome residences, beautiful grounds, wide anil well
paved streets, spacious and delightful
parks and gardens, fully compensate for
the defects observed in the old quarter of
the city. The city has a population of
about a half a million; Handles over
4,'tJ00,wW tons of grain iind merchandise,
§30,000,000 worth of live stock, and makes
over a million of barrels of Hour a year.
Pretty lively old "Burg," if it isn't as
handsome as the Hoosier Capital.
PARKS AND GARDENS.
St. Louis has about 2,000 acres in parks,
many of them very beautiful. Lafayette
Park is one of the most charming and
finely improved small parks in the country. Forest Grove Park, how being developed, contains 1,374 acres of original
forest. It is admirably arranged by nature in hill and dale, lakes and brooks,
for a splendid park. Shaw's Garden,
containing fifty acres of flowers, rare
plants, trees, etc.^ from every part of the
world, is the finest floral garden in
America, and one ofthe chief attractions
of St. I/mis.
not equal to the exhibits in the same departments at the Indiana State Fair.
The grain and vegetable displays made
by the va: lous Western railway companies are quite extensive and excite a great
deal of interest: Of horses there is no
lack, some of the fastest horses in the
country are here, and the racing has
been splendid. Among the exhibitors v/e notice our friend E. R Moody, of
Eminence, Ky., with his champion nerd
of Chester Whites. As usual his Ches-
ters take the first premiums. Churchman & Jackson's splendid herd of Alder-
neys are also here. It is generally
conceded to be the finest herd of cattle on
the grounds. Exhibitors of stock, who
also exhibited at tlie Indiana State Fair,
complain that they make scarcely any
sales at the St. Louis Fair; while at the
Indiana Fair they made numerous sales.
This is readily accounted for by tlie absence of farmers from the fair; the great
majority of people in attendance are evidently city and town people, while attho
Indiana Fair it was just the reverse, the
majority being from the country. If our
Indiana State Board of Agriculture would
only secure handsome, well shaded
grounds fitted with walks, drives, seats,
ponds and flower gardens, add a zoological collection, and thus have something
to interest and attract everybody, the
Indiana State Fair would equal, and
prove as great a success as the St. Louis
Fair. We admit that the side shows do
not pertain particularly to agriculture,
but they will help to .swell tlie crowd,
the pocketbooks of our people, aud tlie
bank account ofthe State Board.
Our genial conductor, Loii Robbins, as
good a fellow as ever punched a ticket,
warns us that it is almost train time, so
we bid you good night and take the
train for Hoosierdom. ' L.
Mange on Figs.
Mange on pigs is caused by a minute
insect, which is probably hatched from
eggs adhering to the skin. There is no
way of curing it, or of preventing its
spread, except by killing the insects and
their eggs—not only on the pigs themselves, but also on the sides of the pens,
posts, or anything that the diseased pig
rubs against. To destroy them on the
woodwork, nothing is probably so good
as petroleum, and though we have not
tried it, we have little doubt but that it
would also cure? the pigs, especially if applied liefore the disease had made much
headway.
The disease usually manifests itself on
the skin under the armpits and thighs,
and inside the forelegs. At first, small
red blotches or pimples appear, and these
gradually spread as the insects multiply
and burrow under the skin. It is well to
give sulphur and other cooling medicine
in the food, but the real aim must be to
kill the insect by the prompt and continued use of carbolic acid, petroleum, or a
strong decoction of tobacco. Solutions
of arsenic and corrosive sublimate are
used in severe cases, but are dangerous
articles to place in the hands of inexperienced persons. "Unguentum," or mercurial ointment, is efficacious, but is not
easily applied.—Harris on the Pig.
 »     SS.     1      i	
Animals must not be without a liberal supply of good water. They will
suffer for want of it, and will not thrive
so well. Arrange for pasture in abundance for late feeding. Sow some r^e for
pasture late in autumn and early spring,
when the ground may be plowed for
other crops. Look especially after the
poor animals. Those which are poor in
autumn should be disposed of in some
way. Feed them up, sell them, or knock
them on the head. It is better to kill
them now than to care for, and watch
them with anxiety for the next six
months, and then have them wither up
and die. At this season of the year an
experienced eye will usually pick out
most of the sheep which are not worth
wintering. It is too late in the year to
begin to feed up poor animals, and do it
most profitably.—Rural New Yorker.
THE BRIDGE.
The steel bridge over the Mississippi
river is an object of great interest to the
stranger. The bridge rests upon four
massive piers sunk one hundred and
twenty-five feet to the bed-rock, and is
high enough to permit the passage of
steamboats at high water. It has two
railway tracks, street-railway, wagonway
and ways for foot passengers. The bridge,
with approaches, is a mile and a quarter
long, connecting with a tunnel under the
city over a mile long, the whole costing
ten millions of dollars.
The centre of interest and feature ofthe
week, is the
EXPOSITION AND I'AIR.
The fair grounds consist of eighty-three
acres of gently rolling land, so highly
improved and diversified   with walks,
drives, lake, fountains, trees, shrubbery
and flowers,  that it resembles a handsome park.    Instead of crowding the exhibit in two or three large buildings as we
do at the Indiana State Fair, the exhibitions  are   made  in   fifteen  or twenty
smaller and inexpensive buildings situated in different parts of the grounds.   By
this diffusion ofthe exhibition, crowds,
and intolerable jams, such as we experience at Indiana State Fairs are avoided.
The management has catered well to tho
tastes of the people, and has succeeded
in drawing an immense crowd,   but so
well scattered are the various attractions,
there is no jam or discomfort.   A large
amphitheatre    extending  all  the way
round the race course is free to all, and
affords rest, shelter, and amusement to
thousands of people. Underneath the amphitheatre are  scores of booths, where
thousands more take in the fair with unlimited quantities of beer.   A pond and
boats furnishes fun for the boys, while
the superb zoological collection is a never
ending source of amusement for  both
young and old folks.   The exhibit of textile fabrics and merchandise is very flne;
of machinery and agriculture, large and
complete.
The horticultural display, swine, poultry and cattle exhibits are good, but are
Indiana Patents.
List of patents issued to citizens ofthe
State of Indiana, October 15th, 1878;
and each bearing date Octolier 1st,' 1878.
Furnished this paper by C. Bradford, solicitor of patents, 18 Hubbard Block, Indianapolis, Ind., of whom copies and
information may be obtained. • *■
Xo. 208,515. "To Wm. B.Conway and
Wm. A. Heald, of Indianapolis, for improvement in machine for bending chain
links.
Xo. 208,557. To Wm. I). Baker, of
Alfordsville, for improvement in wagon-
seat springs.
Xo. 208,588. To Jesse P. Fulghum, of
Richmond, for improvement in seeding
machine.
Xo. 208,504. To Robert W. Harper, of
Evansville, for improvement in wash
boards.
Xo. 208,008. To Stephen W. Kershner,
of Indianapolis, for improvement in links
for chain pumps.
Xo. 208,609. To Stephen W. Kershner,
of Indianapolis, for improvement in me-
talic buckets for chain pumps.
Xo. 208,013. To Wm. H. Koopman,
of Terre Haute, for improvement in
counter supports for boots and shoes.
Xo. 208,648. To John F. Tridle, of
Xorth Manchester, for improvement in
washing machines.
Xo. 208,6.50. To Wm. H. Tucker, of
Indianapolis, assignor of a one-half interest to Robert S. Dorsey, of tlio same
place, for improvement in adjustable
stove trucks.
Sweepstakes Premiums.
Tlie following awards of sweepstake
premiums are additional to the list published in our last number:
Best heavy draft stallion, Wm. Meikle,
Pendleton, Ind.
Best heavy draft mare, John Bates,
city.
Best stallion, any age, except heavy
draft, Allen Jackson, Plainfield, Ind.
Best mare, any age, except heavy
draft, Enoch Warman, city.
Best stallion showing three colts, under
one year old, Swain & Jacks, Bellniore,
Park county, Ind.
Best six head, owned by one exhibitor,
John Bates, city.
Best jack, any age, Jas. H. Quick,
Clifford, Ind.
Best jennett, any age, Greenville Will-
son, Waldron, Ind.
Jack showing three best colts under
«ne year, E. F. Carter, Bainbridge.
Best bull, any age or breed, J. Baugh
<fe Son, Farmers' Institute, Tippecanoe
county, Ind.
Best cow, any age or breed, J. H.
Potts & Son, Jacksonville, 111.
Best boar, any age, S. E. Thomas,
Connersville, Ind.
Best sow, any age, L. Powell & Co.,
Waldron, Ind,
Best herd of swine, owned by one exhibitor, Rankin Baldridge, Hagerstown,
Ind.
Best fine wool buck, Thos. Wilhoit,
Middleton, Ind.
Best fine wool buck and five lambs,
Thomas Wilhoit.
Best fine wool ewe, any age, Cook,
Morse & Co., Raymonds, Union county,
Ind.
Best long wool buck, Samuels & Hodgson, Deatsville, Ky.
Best long wool buck, and five lambs,
W. H. Glover, Clayton, Ind.
Best long wool ewe, any age, Samuels
& Hodgson.
Best middle wool buck, T. B. Bennington, Laporte. Lorain county, O.
Best middle wool buck and five lambs,
same.
Best middle wool ewe, any age, same.
The Cotswoid herd was placed first by
the committee as general purpose sheep.