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VOL XIX. INDIANAPOLIS, IND., SATURDAY, DEO. 27,1884. NO. 52 EXPERIMENTS AT TIIE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. An Experiment with Commercial Fertilizers on Potatoes. Results of a Four Years Test at Purdue University. . In 1881 tbe Agricultural Department of Purdue University began a series of experiments with various mineral and nitrogenous commercial fertilizers on potatoes. These experiments have now been carried on four years, a length of time sufficient to give pretty definite conclusions. OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT. The aim of the experiment was to determine the relative merits of different fertilizers, and especially to ascertain the form and quantity of nitrogen that would give the best results. PLAN OF EXPERIMENTS. The experiment plats occupied an apparently very uniform piece of ground and were placed side by side, except the unfertilized two plats which were placed just opposite the two fertilized plats, 11 and 12, as by the accompanying diagram. The plats were of uniform size, one rod by five rods, with the long way north and south. DIAGRAM OF PLATS. 1 2 3 4 5 6 d 7 8 9 10 d 11 12 13 14 d 16 16 17 IS d North. A broad but very crosses this series north and south, from plat 8 to plat point at plat 14, feet below the 19 20 shallow depression of plats running and extending 18, with lowest one and one half general level. CHARACTER OF THE SOIL. The soil where-the experiment was conducted, is a dark, heavy loam, quite "sticky" when wet, but naturally well d rained. The surface soil has considerable clay and organic matter, and bnt little sand. In general appearance and texture it closely resembles the prairie soil of the adjoining counties, though not so fertile as the latter. Each fertilizer had its own plat which is occupied throughout the experiment. The fertilizers were applied, soon after planting, along the lines of the rows in which the potatoes had been drilled. The planting, cultivation and harvesting of the plats were the same in every respect. The table gives the kinds of fertilizers used, quantity applied per acre, average yield per acre, and the increase in yield per acre which is the difference between the average yield of each fertilized plat and the average of the two unmanured plats. TABLE -IVINQ FERTILIZERS AND AVERAGE YIELD OF PLATS. Kinds of Fertilizers. "So. 3 9 1 Nitrate ot soda '-; Superphosphate „ ■JjMurlateof potash „ „.. 4,Nitrateof soda 150 lbs, superphoa- phate axilbs .._ ^.Nitrateof soda 150 lbs, muriate ol I potash Ibatm ".Superphosphate 300 lbs, muriate of I potash 150 lbs . . 7 Superphosphate 300 Ibs.muriase of potash 150. nitrate of soda^S ration 150 lbs . ._. Superphosphate 300 Ibs.murlate of potash 150 lbs, nitrateof soda, *s ration 300 Ss Superphosphate 300 Ibs.murlate of potash 150 lbs, nitrateof soda, full ration 450 lbs Superphosphate 300 Ibs.murlate of jnush 150 lbs, nitrate of soda, ull ration Superphosphate 300 Ibs.muriate of potash laO lbs, sulphate of am- monla.H ration i_sj lbs Superphosphate 300 Ibs.murlate of potash 150 lbs, sulphate of ammonia, % ration _ti Superphosphate 300 Ibs.murlate of potash 150 lbs sulphate of ammonia,full ration w_ lbs Superphosphate 300 lbs, muriate of potash 150 lbs Superphosphate 300 Ibs.murlate of potash 150 lbs, dried bloody tion 225 Superphosphate 3001M,muriate of potash 150 lbs, dried blood h ration 450 lbs Superphosphate 300 Ibs.murlate of potash 150 lbs, dried blood, full ration 675 lbs _ Superphosphate 300 tbs,muriate of potash ISO lbs 19j No manure 2WNo manure ; OSS . 2 s- _ * ES _ f ■ z - ■ £ 5 * -- >n o! **tslr < *\ 150 86.54 SCWnx-tO 150 81.45 450107.73 300 77.68 450 94.06 600115.19 750120.78 900119.34 450131.34 5_.Hs 675 787'S 450 137.07 121.32 106.13 116.89 1125 92.78 4.vJ SS.S1 000 (V1.08 "001 61.31 25.SK 59.71 20.76 47.01 16.99 33.37 54.50 60.09 58.65 70.65 76.33 00.63 45.44 53.20 43.40 42.09 32.07 27.82 The superphosphate contained 15 per cent soluble and 16 per cent total phosphoric acid; the nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, and dried blood contained 16 per cent, 21 per cent and 11 per cent re-' spectively, of nitrogen; and there was 50 per cent of potash in the muriate of potash. The plats received good but not high cultivation, the aim being to test the fertilizers under average farm conditions. For convenience in studying the result- obtained we will group the plats with reference to the number and kinds of fertilizers used. AVERAGE YIELD BY GROUPS. Yield Bushels Bushels Increase. I Average of plats 1,2 and 3, which received one fertil- 90.13 11 Average of plats 4, 5,6, 10,14 and 18 receiving two fertll- 102.70 in Average o* plats 7, 8,9,11,12. 13, 15, 16 and 17 receiving 113.28 52.59 IV Average of plats receiving 107.62 46.93 v. Average of plats receiving no nitrogen (except 19 and 105.44 44.75 VI Average of plats 7, 8 and 9 receiving nitrogen as nl- 118.41 57.75 VII Averege of plats 11,12 and 13 receiving nitrogen as sul phate of ammonia _. 121.51 60.82 VIII Average of plats 15,16 and 17 receiving nitrogen as dried 99-8S 39.19 IX Average ot plats 7,11 and 15 receiving ,i ration of nl- 118.7S 53.09 X Average of plats 8,12 and 16 receiving H ration of nl- 114.96 54.27 XI Avefage of plats 9,13 and 17 receiving full ration of nl- 106.08 45.39 XII Average of plats 19 and 20 6o.es 00.00 Mil Average of plats 6,10 14 and 18 duplicates marked d In 107.70 47.01 We see from these group averages that there is a marked difference between the fertilized and unfertilized groups, and a comparatively slight difference between the fertilized groups. The slight influence of nitrogenous fertilizers on the yield of potatoes is shown by comparing the nitrogen group IV with the non-nitrogen group V, the former exceeding the latter only a trifle over two bnshels per acre. We should bear in mind also that three-fourths of the plats in the nitrogen group received three fertilizers each, while not one of the plots in the non-nitrogen group received more than two fertilizers. The effect of the nitrogen appears to be in inverse ratio to the amount of nitrogen applied; for the one-third ration plats yielded 118 bushels per acre; the two-thirds ration plats 114 bus-els, and the full ration plats only 106 bushels. The nitrogen in the form of sulphate of ammonia gave the best results, the yield being 121 bushels,against 118 bushels with nitrate of soda and 99 bushels with dried blood. The feeble effect of the nitrogenous fertilizers is further shown by comparing groups III and XIV. These two groups received the same quantities of superphosphate and muriate of potash, and differed from each other only in respect to the nitrogenous fertilizers which were applied to group III. The addition of combined nitrogen to this group in quantities varying from 150 to 675 pounds per acre increased the average yield less than six bushels above the yield of group XIV. In other words the nitro genous fertilizers applied to group III in quantities varying from 150 to 675 pounds per acre increased the yield only about six bushels per acre, a result not at all commensurate with the cost of these fertilizers. Although not within the scope of this experiment it will nevertheless be Interesting to note the relative cost of these fertilizers and the profit or loss resulting from their . use. In calculating the total cost, we have added to the original cost of the fertilizers fifteen cents per hundred pounds for freight and hauling and twenty-five cents per acre for applying. The figures In the following table give very nearly the actual cost for ton quantities. Estimating the potatoes worth twenty-five cents per bushel and multiplying this prlco by the number of bushels that each fertilized plat exceeded the average yield of the two unmanured plats, we get the value of the increased yield, which is the gross profit from using the fertilizers; and the difference between the gross profit and the cost of using the fertilizers is the net profit or loss as the case may be. The results are calculated to the acre in every case as in the previous tables. PROFITS OR LOSSE-J RESULTING FROM USE OF FERTILIZERS. Cost of Value of l No. of Increased Net gain on Net loss on Plat. Fertilizer yield | 6 46 Fertilizer Fertilizer 1 $ 4 2) fi ».... 2 4 98 14 i)3 ll 95 3 3 70 5 19 1 49 4 8 95 11 76 2 81 5 7 68 4 25 3 43 6 8 43 8 34 009 7 12 40 13 62 1 22 8 If. 38 15 02 1 36 T9 20 37 14 66 ...... 5 71 10 8 43 17 66 9 23 11 12 25 19 09 684 12 16 07 15 16 0 91 13 19 92 11 3D 856 14 8 43 14 05 5 62 ' 15 12 92 10 85 207 16 15 40 10 2) .... 4 88 17 18 87 8 02 10 85 18 843 6 95 1 48 of the nine plats that received three fertilizers show a loss, and that the loss is in direct proportion to the amount of nitrogenous fertilizers used. Great caution^ should be observed however in drawing conclusions from this table of profits and losses as slight fluctuations In market values would materially affect the results. . To illustrate: if potatoes should be worth thirty cents per bushel instead of twenty- five cents as assumed in the table, twelve of the plats, instead of eight, would show a profit. A slight fall in the price of fertilizers would have a similar effect; and a worn soil would doubtless show a greater difference in favor of the nitrogenous fertilizers. Four lessons of general application may be drawn from this experiment: First—A partial fertilizer costing ©nly a moderate sum will often produce as good results as a costly complete fertilizer. Second—On comparatively fertile soils like the college farm, the use of large quantities of nitrogenous fertilizers on tho- potato crop will not be found profitable. Third—The kind or combination of fertilizers that will give the best results will depend largely on the characterof the soil, and can be •ccurately determined only by carefully conducted field experiments. Fourth—Farmers and horticulturists should look sharply to the question of profit in using commercial fertilizers in order to have the balance on the right side of the account. Assuming that the estimates on which the table is based are correct, we find that the fertilizers were used on eight plats with a profit, varying from ?1 22 to ?9 23 per acre; and on ten of the plats with a loss varying from nine cents to §10 85 per acre. We note also that with two exceptions—plats 7 and 11—the' net profits are from the prats receiving only one, or two fertilizers. We observe further that seven Tho Weather Up North. A correspondent at Minneapolis, Minn., writes, under date of Dec. 17th. Weather here ranging since Sunday from 12° to over 20° below zero. Fires are quite the rage. Almost everybody indulges in them. Pumps have a way of freezing up, not altogether pleasant and frost work curtains at windows makes other drapery supertluous. West winds here have a very decided nip with no hint of .the Japan warm current in them, as is often the case in North Dakota. Here it says very plainly, "I've come to bite you," and it does just what it says. One may as well submit to tho inevitable, and cheat Boreas by providing abundance of warm clothing and fuel and then pray for the poor, and conclude it isn't so terribly cold after all. Buffalo and other fur coats, fur caps and felt boots help to make the weather endurable; and when completely clad in these warm garments one may laugh at zero and several degress below. One feels disposed to laugh at a good many things that might be considered grievances in other places, the blood bounds with such activity and life is so buoyant. The air is cold but it. doesn't penetrate to the marrow of the bones as cold does farther south. It invigorates and gives courage and strength to withstand and even to enjoy it. Everything goes on runners and the music of sleigh bells is heard all day. P. C. H. Fanners in many parts of Nebraska are burning corn for fuel. Soft coal is worth in that State about '22 cents a bushel, and corn does not find a ready sale for more than 12 cents, and experiments have shown that two bushels of corn will produce more warmth than one bushel of coal.
Object Description
Title | Indiana farmer, 1884, v. 19, no. 52 (Dec. 27) |
Purdue Identification Number | INFA1952 |
Date of Original | 1884 |
Subjects (LCSH) |
Agriculture Farm management Horticulture Agricultural machinery |
Subjects (NALT) |
agriculture farm management horticulture agricultural machinery and equipment |
Genre | Periodical |
Call Number of Original | 630.5 In2 |
Location of Original | Hicks Repository |
Coverage | United States - Indiana |
Type | text |
Format | JP2 |
Language | eng |
Collection Title | Indiana Farmer |
Rights Statement | Content in the Indiana Farmer Collection is in the public domain (published before 1923) or lacks a known copyright holder. Digital images in the collection may be used for educational, non-commercial, or not-for-profit purposes. |
Repository | Purdue University Libraries |
Date Digitized | 2011-01-12 |
Digitization Information | Original scanned at 300 ppi on a Bookeye 3 scanner using internal software. Display images generated in CONTENTdm as JP2000s; file format for archival copy is uncompressed TIF format. |
Description
Title | Page 1 |
Subjects (LCSH) |
Agriculture Farm management Horticulture Agricultural machinery |
Subjects (NALT) |
agriculture farm management horticulture agricultural machinery and equipment |
Genre | Periodical |
Call Number of Original | 630.5 In2 |
Location of Original | Hicks Repository |
Coverage | Indiana |
Type | text |
Format | JP2 |
Language | eng |
Collection Title | Indiana Farmer |
Rights Statement | Content in the Indiana Farmer Collection is in the public domain (published before 1923) or lacks a known copyright holder. Digital images in the collection may be used for educational, non-commercial, or non-for-profit purposes. |
Repository | Purdue University Libraries |
Digitization Information | Orignal scanned at 300 ppi on a Bookeye 3 scanner using internal software. Display images generated in CONTENTdm as JP2000s; file format for archival copy is uncompressed TIF format. |
Transcript | VOL XIX. INDIANAPOLIS, IND., SATURDAY, DEO. 27,1884. NO. 52 EXPERIMENTS AT TIIE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. An Experiment with Commercial Fertilizers on Potatoes. Results of a Four Years Test at Purdue University. . In 1881 tbe Agricultural Department of Purdue University began a series of experiments with various mineral and nitrogenous commercial fertilizers on potatoes. These experiments have now been carried on four years, a length of time sufficient to give pretty definite conclusions. OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT. The aim of the experiment was to determine the relative merits of different fertilizers, and especially to ascertain the form and quantity of nitrogen that would give the best results. PLAN OF EXPERIMENTS. The experiment plats occupied an apparently very uniform piece of ground and were placed side by side, except the unfertilized two plats which were placed just opposite the two fertilized plats, 11 and 12, as by the accompanying diagram. The plats were of uniform size, one rod by five rods, with the long way north and south. DIAGRAM OF PLATS. 1 2 3 4 5 6 d 7 8 9 10 d 11 12 13 14 d 16 16 17 IS d North. A broad but very crosses this series north and south, from plat 8 to plat point at plat 14, feet below the 19 20 shallow depression of plats running and extending 18, with lowest one and one half general level. CHARACTER OF THE SOIL. The soil where-the experiment was conducted, is a dark, heavy loam, quite "sticky" when wet, but naturally well d rained. The surface soil has considerable clay and organic matter, and bnt little sand. In general appearance and texture it closely resembles the prairie soil of the adjoining counties, though not so fertile as the latter. Each fertilizer had its own plat which is occupied throughout the experiment. The fertilizers were applied, soon after planting, along the lines of the rows in which the potatoes had been drilled. The planting, cultivation and harvesting of the plats were the same in every respect. The table gives the kinds of fertilizers used, quantity applied per acre, average yield per acre, and the increase in yield per acre which is the difference between the average yield of each fertilized plat and the average of the two unmanured plats. TABLE -IVINQ FERTILIZERS AND AVERAGE YIELD OF PLATS. Kinds of Fertilizers. "So. 3 9 1 Nitrate ot soda '-; Superphosphate „ ■JjMurlateof potash „ „.. 4,Nitrateof soda 150 lbs, superphoa- phate axilbs .._ ^.Nitrateof soda 150 lbs, muriate ol I potash Ibatm ".Superphosphate 300 lbs, muriate of I potash 150 lbs . . 7 Superphosphate 300 Ibs.muriase of potash 150. nitrate of soda^S ration 150 lbs . ._. Superphosphate 300 Ibs.murlate of potash 150 lbs, nitrateof soda, *s ration 300 Ss Superphosphate 300 Ibs.murlate of potash 150 lbs, nitrateof soda, full ration 450 lbs Superphosphate 300 Ibs.murlate of jnush 150 lbs, nitrate of soda, ull ration Superphosphate 300 Ibs.muriate of potash laO lbs, sulphate of am- monla.H ration i_sj lbs Superphosphate 300 Ibs.murlate of potash 150 lbs, sulphate of ammonia, % ration _ti Superphosphate 300 Ibs.murlate of potash 150 lbs sulphate of ammonia,full ration w_ lbs Superphosphate 300 lbs, muriate of potash 150 lbs Superphosphate 300 Ibs.murlate of potash 150 lbs, dried bloody tion 225 Superphosphate 3001M,muriate of potash 150 lbs, dried blood h ration 450 lbs Superphosphate 300 Ibs.murlate of potash 150 lbs, dried blood, full ration 675 lbs _ Superphosphate 300 tbs,muriate of potash ISO lbs 19j No manure 2WNo manure ; OSS . 2 s- _ * ES _ f ■ z - ■ £ 5 * -- >n o! **tslr < *\ 150 86.54 SCWnx-tO 150 81.45 450107.73 300 77.68 450 94.06 600115.19 750120.78 900119.34 450131.34 5_.Hs 675 787'S 450 137.07 121.32 106.13 116.89 1125 92.78 4.vJ SS.S1 000 (V1.08 "001 61.31 25.SK 59.71 20.76 47.01 16.99 33.37 54.50 60.09 58.65 70.65 76.33 00.63 45.44 53.20 43.40 42.09 32.07 27.82 The superphosphate contained 15 per cent soluble and 16 per cent total phosphoric acid; the nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, and dried blood contained 16 per cent, 21 per cent and 11 per cent re-' spectively, of nitrogen; and there was 50 per cent of potash in the muriate of potash. The plats received good but not high cultivation, the aim being to test the fertilizers under average farm conditions. For convenience in studying the result- obtained we will group the plats with reference to the number and kinds of fertilizers used. AVERAGE YIELD BY GROUPS. Yield Bushels Bushels Increase. I Average of plats 1,2 and 3, which received one fertil- 90.13 11 Average of plats 4, 5,6, 10,14 and 18 receiving two fertll- 102.70 in Average o* plats 7, 8,9,11,12. 13, 15, 16 and 17 receiving 113.28 52.59 IV Average of plats receiving 107.62 46.93 v. Average of plats receiving no nitrogen (except 19 and 105.44 44.75 VI Average of plats 7, 8 and 9 receiving nitrogen as nl- 118.41 57.75 VII Averege of plats 11,12 and 13 receiving nitrogen as sul phate of ammonia _. 121.51 60.82 VIII Average of plats 15,16 and 17 receiving nitrogen as dried 99-8S 39.19 IX Average ot plats 7,11 and 15 receiving ,i ration of nl- 118.7S 53.09 X Average of plats 8,12 and 16 receiving H ration of nl- 114.96 54.27 XI Avefage of plats 9,13 and 17 receiving full ration of nl- 106.08 45.39 XII Average of plats 19 and 20 6o.es 00.00 Mil Average of plats 6,10 14 and 18 duplicates marked d In 107.70 47.01 We see from these group averages that there is a marked difference between the fertilized and unfertilized groups, and a comparatively slight difference between the fertilized groups. The slight influence of nitrogenous fertilizers on the yield of potatoes is shown by comparing the nitrogen group IV with the non-nitrogen group V, the former exceeding the latter only a trifle over two bnshels per acre. We should bear in mind also that three-fourths of the plats in the nitrogen group received three fertilizers each, while not one of the plots in the non-nitrogen group received more than two fertilizers. The effect of the nitrogen appears to be in inverse ratio to the amount of nitrogen applied; for the one-third ration plats yielded 118 bushels per acre; the two-thirds ration plats 114 bus-els, and the full ration plats only 106 bushels. The nitrogen in the form of sulphate of ammonia gave the best results, the yield being 121 bushels,against 118 bushels with nitrate of soda and 99 bushels with dried blood. The feeble effect of the nitrogenous fertilizers is further shown by comparing groups III and XIV. These two groups received the same quantities of superphosphate and muriate of potash, and differed from each other only in respect to the nitrogenous fertilizers which were applied to group III. The addition of combined nitrogen to this group in quantities varying from 150 to 675 pounds per acre increased the average yield less than six bushels above the yield of group XIV. In other words the nitro genous fertilizers applied to group III in quantities varying from 150 to 675 pounds per acre increased the yield only about six bushels per acre, a result not at all commensurate with the cost of these fertilizers. Although not within the scope of this experiment it will nevertheless be Interesting to note the relative cost of these fertilizers and the profit or loss resulting from their . use. In calculating the total cost, we have added to the original cost of the fertilizers fifteen cents per hundred pounds for freight and hauling and twenty-five cents per acre for applying. The figures In the following table give very nearly the actual cost for ton quantities. Estimating the potatoes worth twenty-five cents per bushel and multiplying this prlco by the number of bushels that each fertilized plat exceeded the average yield of the two unmanured plats, we get the value of the increased yield, which is the gross profit from using the fertilizers; and the difference between the gross profit and the cost of using the fertilizers is the net profit or loss as the case may be. The results are calculated to the acre in every case as in the previous tables. PROFITS OR LOSSE-J RESULTING FROM USE OF FERTILIZERS. Cost of Value of l No. of Increased Net gain on Net loss on Plat. Fertilizer yield | 6 46 Fertilizer Fertilizer 1 $ 4 2) fi ».... 2 4 98 14 i)3 ll 95 3 3 70 5 19 1 49 4 8 95 11 76 2 81 5 7 68 4 25 3 43 6 8 43 8 34 009 7 12 40 13 62 1 22 8 If. 38 15 02 1 36 T9 20 37 14 66 ...... 5 71 10 8 43 17 66 9 23 11 12 25 19 09 684 12 16 07 15 16 0 91 13 19 92 11 3D 856 14 8 43 14 05 5 62 ' 15 12 92 10 85 207 16 15 40 10 2) .... 4 88 17 18 87 8 02 10 85 18 843 6 95 1 48 of the nine plats that received three fertilizers show a loss, and that the loss is in direct proportion to the amount of nitrogenous fertilizers used. Great caution^ should be observed however in drawing conclusions from this table of profits and losses as slight fluctuations In market values would materially affect the results. . To illustrate: if potatoes should be worth thirty cents per bushel instead of twenty- five cents as assumed in the table, twelve of the plats, instead of eight, would show a profit. A slight fall in the price of fertilizers would have a similar effect; and a worn soil would doubtless show a greater difference in favor of the nitrogenous fertilizers. Four lessons of general application may be drawn from this experiment: First—A partial fertilizer costing ©nly a moderate sum will often produce as good results as a costly complete fertilizer. Second—On comparatively fertile soils like the college farm, the use of large quantities of nitrogenous fertilizers on tho- potato crop will not be found profitable. Third—The kind or combination of fertilizers that will give the best results will depend largely on the characterof the soil, and can be •ccurately determined only by carefully conducted field experiments. Fourth—Farmers and horticulturists should look sharply to the question of profit in using commercial fertilizers in order to have the balance on the right side of the account. Assuming that the estimates on which the table is based are correct, we find that the fertilizers were used on eight plats with a profit, varying from ?1 22 to ?9 23 per acre; and on ten of the plats with a loss varying from nine cents to §10 85 per acre. We note also that with two exceptions—plats 7 and 11—the' net profits are from the prats receiving only one, or two fertilizers. We observe further that seven Tho Weather Up North. A correspondent at Minneapolis, Minn., writes, under date of Dec. 17th. Weather here ranging since Sunday from 12° to over 20° below zero. Fires are quite the rage. Almost everybody indulges in them. Pumps have a way of freezing up, not altogether pleasant and frost work curtains at windows makes other drapery supertluous. West winds here have a very decided nip with no hint of .the Japan warm current in them, as is often the case in North Dakota. Here it says very plainly, "I've come to bite you," and it does just what it says. One may as well submit to tho inevitable, and cheat Boreas by providing abundance of warm clothing and fuel and then pray for the poor, and conclude it isn't so terribly cold after all. Buffalo and other fur coats, fur caps and felt boots help to make the weather endurable; and when completely clad in these warm garments one may laugh at zero and several degress below. One feels disposed to laugh at a good many things that might be considered grievances in other places, the blood bounds with such activity and life is so buoyant. The air is cold but it. doesn't penetrate to the marrow of the bones as cold does farther south. It invigorates and gives courage and strength to withstand and even to enjoy it. Everything goes on runners and the music of sleigh bells is heard all day. P. C. H. Fanners in many parts of Nebraska are burning corn for fuel. Soft coal is worth in that State about '22 cents a bushel, and corn does not find a ready sale for more than 12 cents, and experiments have shown that two bushels of corn will produce more warmth than one bushel of coal. |
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