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^^^hweeket VOL XIX. INDIANAPOLIS, IND., SATURDAY, DEO. 6,1884. NO. 49. Written for the Indiana Farmer. ALPA_."PA OK IiUOEHNE. Its Value a<< Live Stook Pood Compared with Timothy and Clover. BY I„ J. TKMP-IN. This forage plant Is attracting bo much attention and is proving so valuable as to make it desirable tha,i_r, knowledge of its value and properties be more generally disseminated. This plant is known among the English people by the name of "lucerne," but it is generally known at the West by the Spanish term "alfalfa," as it was by the Spaniards it was introduced into the western parts of the country. To botanists itis known aa Medicago sativa. It is a species of clover, grows tall and branching, and has a small bine flower. This plant was esteemed by the anclents,having been cultivated as early as the time of Darius. It is reported to have been carried from Persia to Greece about 500 years B. C. It was known and cultivated among many of the ancient nations. In more recent times ithas been cultivated extensively as a forage crop in France, Italy, Spain, Flanders and Holland. It was early introduced into this country and in the hands of a few men, .among them i 'hancellor I_vlngsto_,"it proved quite re»- munerative, but never acquired any extended popularity. The Spaniards introduced it into their possessions on this continent and ithas become extensively naturalized in the pampas of South America, as well as in Mexico and the western portions of the United States. Its cultivation is gradnally making its way eastward. It is now cultivated quite extensively in the Centennial State; and has already become the most popular forage plant in the State. It is largely superseding other forage plants for both pasture and hay. A com- pari-on of this hay with that of clover and timothy will give the reader a fair understanding of its value as a forage plant. The following table gives the economic value of alfalfa hay when cut in bloom,- and also when cut in the young state: In bloom.. Young. Wilier '. 17.7 16.7 urgautc matter - 76.9 64.4 Ash or mineral matter... 6.4 8.7 Albuminoids i flesh former) 14.4 19.7 Carbo-hydrates (fat former) 25.4 3U.2 Accessories — 40.2 22.1 Next I give an analysis of- ordinary clover hay,' from which it may be seen that the difference in feeding value, ton for ton, is not great: Witter 16.7 organic, mutter 77.1 Asa...: , 6.2 Albuminoids ' :.... 13.4 i 'arbo-hydrates :- 33.1 Accessji-ies 35.5 The following is the table given for timothy hay: . _ ' Water...'. , 14.3 Organic matter —t '. _ 81.2 Ash ; . -S.2 Albuminoids 9.7 Carbo-hydrates ;.... M.8 A ccessories 22.7 From this comparison it Is seen that the difference in the value of these different kinds of hay is not very wide. Bnt the samples of clover and timothy used In the above analyses were cut when the seed was rige which added to the nutritive value of the timothy and detracted from the clover. From this showing it appears that, supposing they yield the same amount per acre, other things being equal, these three crops are of nearly equal value for hay. Bat such is not the case, for while clover and timothy are cut but once during the season, alfalfa is cut from three to five times, giving at each cutting about as much as the others do. A neighbor of mine recently told mo that from 15 acres, that lacked a great deal of being set, he had put up 75 tons of good hay. Of course he used irrigation, but having seen his meadow I am sure a third more might have grown on his ground without its being any heavier than some pieces I have seen. In an experiment made by the Duke of Bedford at Woburn, England, the results with the three crops named above gave the following: Weight of hay. Alfalfa. Clover. Timothy. 28,314 .' 12^51 19,397 Weight ot nutrition. 7,639 1,914 3,669 It appears from this table that one acre of alfalfa is worth more than one each of clover and timothy; for while lt gives 7,659 pounds of nutriment, both the others give but 5,583, a difference of 2,076 pounds in favor of the alfalfa; showing that one acre of alfalfa is equal in value to one acre of timothy and two of clover, ln this State this crop is coming into use very largely not only for. hones and cattle, but also for hogs. It is found that swine do quite well on both the green and dry alfalfa. Those who have tried it claim that hogs thrive well on the pasture, and that tbey go through the winter with no other feed than alfalfa hay. Hogs have recently been put on the market here that have been raised and fed exclusively on this plant. One advantage in raising this crop is that when once well set in congenial soil it will continue to yield good crops for 15 to 25 years. It has a very long tough root, and is exceedingly difficult to eradicate. Canon City, Col. Written for the Indiana Farmer. One Hundred and Sixty Aores Not Enough.—No. 0. BY TOHN M. STAHL. I wish to show first that such a state of affairs as I advocated in my last article, is not contrary to the course of nature, because my opponents aver that it is unnatural and hence evil. Surely nothing Is more in accordance with natural laws than that some should accumulate more property than others. Nature and their own selves have made men widely different. Tills is natural, not the opposite. Being different In every respect, men differ in the capacity to gain worldly goods, and this again is natural. It is axiomatic that those who gain most are the very odes to handle it to gain more. Then the largest farms will naturally'come i_$Ds«the hands of those best fittedfs have them, to make them the lno^tfprbntable. My point Is gained.'" > ■ \ >'v But K the land conies into tlu'.hands of those who can make the best use of it, it is surely better than for it tobeparcelled.out among those who could use lt but badly. Does any one doubt that it is better for all classes that the wiser and more intelligent guide and direct? If so, he doubts the wisdom of all governments for tfc» people, and also by the people, for in these the intendment and effect is to elect the wisest to govern those, of less wisdom. If my opponents attack me* _er» they must at the same time attack eveiy free government and all the social fabrics of Christendom. More, they must attack nature, whose decree is the rule of the fittest. I apprehend that some will say that the farm hand will get less wages. It is a common notion that large landed estates must lead to the oppression of the poorer loboring classes. In proof of this the deplorable state of affairs existing in many portions of the old world is instanced. But I must remind my readers that these evils ever exist under the shadow of a monarchy supported by an aristocracy, where the people have no voice, or else a very weak one, in the government. In a country like this, where the very air is full of liberty, where the liberties of the people are jealously guarded and the powers of government rigidly circumscribed by a written constitution, where press,thought, speech and suffrage are free, where the vote of the poor man counts for as much as the ballot of the millionaire, the laboring classes can never be oppressed without their consent. Does it not seem strange that under such a government bysuch a people the greater prosperity of the employer would lead to the greater poverty of the employed? It cannot be. If, as we have seen, the land would be far more productive and profitable, and the owner more prosperous, aa sure as truth is true and justice is just, the employed would be paid larger wages and be more prosperous and happy. My readers know that it is when manufacturing establishments are prosperous the laborers are paid the higher wages; they know that when panics bring disaster to the capitalist employer it is then that employment is wanting or wages are low and the laboring classes cry for bread. Bat the adoption of this system of solid financial principles In the conduct of large farms managed by the most intelligent aud competent men would be to the benefit of the farm employes, by elevating their calling. As it now is, it must be confessed that the position of farm laborer is very near the bottom, not because of anything unworthy in the farm hand, but because the occupation demands neither intelligence nor good judgment. Farm labor, to be properly performed, requires both of these; but the occupation of the farm hand does not. All that is required of a farm laborer is brute force. The very appellation given him—"hand"—furnishes a curious but no less conclusive proof of this. He is called a hand because he is expected and required to use only his hands and not his head. The intelligent, thinking, rightly judging farm hand is put on the same level as the ignorant, unthinking, unreasoning one. If the former has the least physical strength he will experience the most difficulty in obtaining a situation. The greater excellence lies in greater brute force. But when the farm is conducted on shrewd, business principles, all this will be changed. Already the introduction of . intricate labor saving machinery has made brain as well as brawn to measure the worth of the farm hand, and the most intelligent laborer is the most valuable, though he rarely gets extra, compensation. But this change in the very basis of agriculture will render brain absolutely necessary. The owner, the manager, the very farm will demand skilled, and intelligent workmen.'• Sharp contpe-- tition will be engendered. The farm hand will be compelled to show his fitness for a position before he gains it, as the clerk, accountant, or cashier is now. Employes will be accepted upon the farm as they now are in business houses and as an effort is being made te have them accepted in the civil service of our government. The farm hand will be compelled to show his intelligence and his knowledge of intensive tillage. He will be forced to bring, recommendations from former employers, and kis promotion will depend upon ability, efficiency and faithfulness. This may be hard upon the unworthy, but upon them alone; for the better class of conscientious, ambitious workmen it will work a greater good—not only increase of compensation but a far higher position in the scale of occupations. CQujcrxj & Qvisvozvs. Give your name and postoflice when asking ques tlons. Many queries go unanswered for failure to observe this rule. A letter in our care to May Bird ban been . received. We have no such name. on our list of contributors. Is not tho writer mistaken in addressing her here? Please give me the address of some East ern Poultry Journal. ' S-i.ma. Stone's Crossing. The Poultry World, Hartford, Conn. The Poultry Monthly, Albany, N. Y. Please tell me through the Farmer where I can get the B. A O. red book for Indiana and what the cost would be. Howard Co. G. M. Send a 2 cent stamp to C. K. Lord, agent B. A'O. R. R., Baltimore, O. He will send you a copy. Please give ln the next issue of your paper, the political shade or standing of Congress after the 4th of March next? and oblige a neutral reader of the Faiimeh. Syracuse. M. The House will be strongly Democratic, and the Republicans will have a majority in the Senate. I have a muck prairie 5 to 15 foet doep, now ditched dry, and it grows what is called crazy hay. Who can analyze It for me and tell whetherthe intoxicating quality is in the grass or ground? Fulton. ' J. V. H. What kind of grass is it? Does the samo" kind grow elsewhere? If so, is it intoxicating? Next year, when it is in bloom send a bunch of it, root and top, to. Dr. George Vasey, Botanist, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, and iu due time you will hear from it. 1. Is any poultry paper published gin Indianapolis. If so, what is the price to club with the Farmkr. 2. Where is the Railroad Gazette published? 3. How can I get a sample of the London Live Stock Journal, and what price? D. J. M. 1. Fanciers' Gazette, monthly,price f 1 25, with Farmer $2 30. . 2. The Railroad Gazette is published at New York. 3. The London, Eng., Live Stock Jour- ' nal and Fanciers' Gazette, is sold at 4d (8 cents) per copy. ,
Object Description
Title | Indiana farmer, 1884, v. 19, no. 49 (Dec. 6) |
Purdue Identification Number | INFA1949 |
Date of Original | 1884 |
Subjects (LCSH) |
Agriculture Farm management Horticulture Agricultural machinery |
Subjects (NALT) |
agriculture farm management horticulture agricultural machinery and equipment |
Genre | Periodical |
Call Number of Original | 630.5 In2 |
Location of Original | Hicks Repository |
Coverage | United States - Indiana |
Type | text |
Format | JP2 |
Language | eng |
Collection Title | Indiana Farmer |
Rights Statement | Content in the Indiana Farmer Collection is in the public domain (published before 1923) or lacks a known copyright holder. Digital images in the collection may be used for educational, non-commercial, or not-for-profit purposes. |
Repository | Purdue University Libraries |
Date Digitized | 2011-01-12 |
Digitization Information | Original scanned at 300 ppi on a Bookeye 3 scanner using internal software. Display images generated in CONTENTdm as JP2000s; file format for archival copy is uncompressed TIF format. |
Description
Title | Page 1 |
Subjects (LCSH) |
Agriculture Farm management Horticulture Agricultural machinery |
Subjects (NALT) |
agriculture farm management horticulture agricultural machinery and equipment |
Genre | Periodical |
Call Number of Original | 630.5 In2 |
Location of Original | Hicks Repository |
Coverage | Indiana |
Type | text |
Format | JP2 |
Language | eng |
Collection Title | Indiana Farmer |
Rights Statement | Content in the Indiana Farmer Collection is in the public domain (published before 1923) or lacks a known copyright holder. Digital images in the collection may be used for educational, non-commercial, or non-for-profit purposes. |
Repository | Purdue University Libraries |
Digitization Information | Orignal scanned at 300 ppi on a Bookeye 3 scanner using internal software. Display images generated in CONTENTdm as JP2000s; file format for archival copy is uncompressed TIF format. |
Transcript | ^^^hweeket VOL XIX. INDIANAPOLIS, IND., SATURDAY, DEO. 6,1884. NO. 49. Written for the Indiana Farmer. ALPA_."PA OK IiUOEHNE. Its Value a<< Live Stook Pood Compared with Timothy and Clover. BY I„ J. TKMP-IN. This forage plant Is attracting bo much attention and is proving so valuable as to make it desirable tha,i_r, knowledge of its value and properties be more generally disseminated. This plant is known among the English people by the name of "lucerne," but it is generally known at the West by the Spanish term "alfalfa," as it was by the Spaniards it was introduced into the western parts of the country. To botanists itis known aa Medicago sativa. It is a species of clover, grows tall and branching, and has a small bine flower. This plant was esteemed by the anclents,having been cultivated as early as the time of Darius. It is reported to have been carried from Persia to Greece about 500 years B. C. It was known and cultivated among many of the ancient nations. In more recent times ithas been cultivated extensively as a forage crop in France, Italy, Spain, Flanders and Holland. It was early introduced into this country and in the hands of a few men, .among them i 'hancellor I_vlngsto_,"it proved quite re»- munerative, but never acquired any extended popularity. The Spaniards introduced it into their possessions on this continent and ithas become extensively naturalized in the pampas of South America, as well as in Mexico and the western portions of the United States. Its cultivation is gradnally making its way eastward. It is now cultivated quite extensively in the Centennial State; and has already become the most popular forage plant in the State. It is largely superseding other forage plants for both pasture and hay. A com- pari-on of this hay with that of clover and timothy will give the reader a fair understanding of its value as a forage plant. The following table gives the economic value of alfalfa hay when cut in bloom,- and also when cut in the young state: In bloom.. Young. Wilier '. 17.7 16.7 urgautc matter - 76.9 64.4 Ash or mineral matter... 6.4 8.7 Albuminoids i flesh former) 14.4 19.7 Carbo-hydrates (fat former) 25.4 3U.2 Accessories — 40.2 22.1 Next I give an analysis of- ordinary clover hay,' from which it may be seen that the difference in feeding value, ton for ton, is not great: Witter 16.7 organic, mutter 77.1 Asa...: , 6.2 Albuminoids ' :.... 13.4 i 'arbo-hydrates :- 33.1 Accessji-ies 35.5 The following is the table given for timothy hay: . _ ' Water...'. , 14.3 Organic matter —t '. _ 81.2 Ash ; . -S.2 Albuminoids 9.7 Carbo-hydrates ;.... M.8 A ccessories 22.7 From this comparison it Is seen that the difference in the value of these different kinds of hay is not very wide. Bnt the samples of clover and timothy used In the above analyses were cut when the seed was rige which added to the nutritive value of the timothy and detracted from the clover. From this showing it appears that, supposing they yield the same amount per acre, other things being equal, these three crops are of nearly equal value for hay. Bat such is not the case, for while clover and timothy are cut but once during the season, alfalfa is cut from three to five times, giving at each cutting about as much as the others do. A neighbor of mine recently told mo that from 15 acres, that lacked a great deal of being set, he had put up 75 tons of good hay. Of course he used irrigation, but having seen his meadow I am sure a third more might have grown on his ground without its being any heavier than some pieces I have seen. In an experiment made by the Duke of Bedford at Woburn, England, the results with the three crops named above gave the following: Weight of hay. Alfalfa. Clover. Timothy. 28,314 .' 12^51 19,397 Weight ot nutrition. 7,639 1,914 3,669 It appears from this table that one acre of alfalfa is worth more than one each of clover and timothy; for while lt gives 7,659 pounds of nutriment, both the others give but 5,583, a difference of 2,076 pounds in favor of the alfalfa; showing that one acre of alfalfa is equal in value to one acre of timothy and two of clover, ln this State this crop is coming into use very largely not only for. hones and cattle, but also for hogs. It is found that swine do quite well on both the green and dry alfalfa. Those who have tried it claim that hogs thrive well on the pasture, and that tbey go through the winter with no other feed than alfalfa hay. Hogs have recently been put on the market here that have been raised and fed exclusively on this plant. One advantage in raising this crop is that when once well set in congenial soil it will continue to yield good crops for 15 to 25 years. It has a very long tough root, and is exceedingly difficult to eradicate. Canon City, Col. Written for the Indiana Farmer. One Hundred and Sixty Aores Not Enough.—No. 0. BY TOHN M. STAHL. I wish to show first that such a state of affairs as I advocated in my last article, is not contrary to the course of nature, because my opponents aver that it is unnatural and hence evil. Surely nothing Is more in accordance with natural laws than that some should accumulate more property than others. Nature and their own selves have made men widely different. Tills is natural, not the opposite. Being different In every respect, men differ in the capacity to gain worldly goods, and this again is natural. It is axiomatic that those who gain most are the very odes to handle it to gain more. Then the largest farms will naturally'come i_$Ds«the hands of those best fittedfs have them, to make them the lno^tfprbntable. My point Is gained.'" > ■ \ >'v But K the land conies into tlu'.hands of those who can make the best use of it, it is surely better than for it tobeparcelled.out among those who could use lt but badly. Does any one doubt that it is better for all classes that the wiser and more intelligent guide and direct? If so, he doubts the wisdom of all governments for tfc» people, and also by the people, for in these the intendment and effect is to elect the wisest to govern those, of less wisdom. If my opponents attack me* _er» they must at the same time attack eveiy free government and all the social fabrics of Christendom. More, they must attack nature, whose decree is the rule of the fittest. I apprehend that some will say that the farm hand will get less wages. It is a common notion that large landed estates must lead to the oppression of the poorer loboring classes. In proof of this the deplorable state of affairs existing in many portions of the old world is instanced. But I must remind my readers that these evils ever exist under the shadow of a monarchy supported by an aristocracy, where the people have no voice, or else a very weak one, in the government. In a country like this, where the very air is full of liberty, where the liberties of the people are jealously guarded and the powers of government rigidly circumscribed by a written constitution, where press,thought, speech and suffrage are free, where the vote of the poor man counts for as much as the ballot of the millionaire, the laboring classes can never be oppressed without their consent. Does it not seem strange that under such a government bysuch a people the greater prosperity of the employer would lead to the greater poverty of the employed? It cannot be. If, as we have seen, the land would be far more productive and profitable, and the owner more prosperous, aa sure as truth is true and justice is just, the employed would be paid larger wages and be more prosperous and happy. My readers know that it is when manufacturing establishments are prosperous the laborers are paid the higher wages; they know that when panics bring disaster to the capitalist employer it is then that employment is wanting or wages are low and the laboring classes cry for bread. Bat the adoption of this system of solid financial principles In the conduct of large farms managed by the most intelligent aud competent men would be to the benefit of the farm employes, by elevating their calling. As it now is, it must be confessed that the position of farm laborer is very near the bottom, not because of anything unworthy in the farm hand, but because the occupation demands neither intelligence nor good judgment. Farm labor, to be properly performed, requires both of these; but the occupation of the farm hand does not. All that is required of a farm laborer is brute force. The very appellation given him—"hand"—furnishes a curious but no less conclusive proof of this. He is called a hand because he is expected and required to use only his hands and not his head. The intelligent, thinking, rightly judging farm hand is put on the same level as the ignorant, unthinking, unreasoning one. If the former has the least physical strength he will experience the most difficulty in obtaining a situation. The greater excellence lies in greater brute force. But when the farm is conducted on shrewd, business principles, all this will be changed. Already the introduction of . intricate labor saving machinery has made brain as well as brawn to measure the worth of the farm hand, and the most intelligent laborer is the most valuable, though he rarely gets extra, compensation. But this change in the very basis of agriculture will render brain absolutely necessary. The owner, the manager, the very farm will demand skilled, and intelligent workmen.'• Sharp contpe-- tition will be engendered. The farm hand will be compelled to show his fitness for a position before he gains it, as the clerk, accountant, or cashier is now. Employes will be accepted upon the farm as they now are in business houses and as an effort is being made te have them accepted in the civil service of our government. The farm hand will be compelled to show his intelligence and his knowledge of intensive tillage. He will be forced to bring, recommendations from former employers, and kis promotion will depend upon ability, efficiency and faithfulness. This may be hard upon the unworthy, but upon them alone; for the better class of conscientious, ambitious workmen it will work a greater good—not only increase of compensation but a far higher position in the scale of occupations. CQujcrxj & Qvisvozvs. Give your name and postoflice when asking ques tlons. Many queries go unanswered for failure to observe this rule. A letter in our care to May Bird ban been . received. We have no such name. on our list of contributors. Is not tho writer mistaken in addressing her here? Please give me the address of some East ern Poultry Journal. ' S-i.ma. Stone's Crossing. The Poultry World, Hartford, Conn. The Poultry Monthly, Albany, N. Y. Please tell me through the Farmer where I can get the B. A O. red book for Indiana and what the cost would be. Howard Co. G. M. Send a 2 cent stamp to C. K. Lord, agent B. A'O. R. R., Baltimore, O. He will send you a copy. Please give ln the next issue of your paper, the political shade or standing of Congress after the 4th of March next? and oblige a neutral reader of the Faiimeh. Syracuse. M. The House will be strongly Democratic, and the Republicans will have a majority in the Senate. I have a muck prairie 5 to 15 foet doep, now ditched dry, and it grows what is called crazy hay. Who can analyze It for me and tell whetherthe intoxicating quality is in the grass or ground? Fulton. ' J. V. H. What kind of grass is it? Does the samo" kind grow elsewhere? If so, is it intoxicating? Next year, when it is in bloom send a bunch of it, root and top, to. Dr. George Vasey, Botanist, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, and iu due time you will hear from it. 1. Is any poultry paper published gin Indianapolis. If so, what is the price to club with the Farmkr. 2. Where is the Railroad Gazette published? 3. How can I get a sample of the London Live Stock Journal, and what price? D. J. M. 1. Fanciers' Gazette, monthly,price f 1 25, with Farmer $2 30. . 2. The Railroad Gazette is published at New York. 3. The London, Eng., Live Stock Jour- ' nal and Fanciers' Gazette, is sold at 4d (8 cents) per copy. , |
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