TOL. XIX
■'/
INDIANAPOLIS, IND., SATURDAY, JULY 19,1884.
NO. 29.
COUNTRY AND CITY.
1 Plea for the Country Home.
_'tioiii  Farms  Were   Purchased
Thirty Years Ago.
rsm» **»■* a time within the memory of
.., .11. r cn-ii middle aged when young
-i _.!_.ini;l.y the month on farms for
.. ti_r_ than are now being paid saved
■:4_ ui make a payment on a farm,
-,'_;.rn samo ami  by persistent well
-.'.M rilort i-ompleted   the purchase,
;jrvi*l it hiuI   liecame  independent,
v.* tsssitning wealthy.   Those young
.;«riiiii with a purpose, following it
,.:_ i liilclity that nothing could dt-
--. '.UlK the determination of becom-
fit owner of a farm, and that large
• Vn dis.1 accomplish this is attested by
.'.»t ih-t many are yet the owners of
„ ;nj|«"rtitw.   While it is true that, on
- .:.i ol   lhe advance  in   land,   this
i'.lc.nr I*-a ill llii'ii It ]>erformauce in
*«_3i»I.>iilillps where It was once ao-
.:j*l..sl, and while, on account of the
-•.I'li-sl Inducements, the almost irre-
,..:•> inilucures  that  press   upon  the
«- i.) i>|sii.l their  money as fast as
-.*..*.*! tlii-o could be reslsted,and locate ml where land is yet within  the
si n| any man who will exercise the
i-if*!*.-finally of the pioneers.   While
\is jhysii-.il  and   commercial changes
i •i-varrwl, man in what he can accom-
i ^ bu  undergone  no   great  visible
I*:.-*. Thr-ro nre In  fact many reasons
l ft-ran iK-i-omplish more now than he
i   '. '-lynrs* ago; that is, if he would but
■•*'. period exercise self  denial and
""". There area few who are doing this,
ti'T are few indeed, and mostly of
--rilii.il.   Tliis course seems largely
,-s-^.l  liy   Americans.     The   native
.-.-in sKfin-i of lato to consider that
•» fcsrjn enter professional or mercan-
1 -'» h» is nothing, and as a result the
■'-"■■■.in and   mercantile  callings are
!»l (ar  beyond   legitimate   wants.
v.-TT!»the farms of  New England are
;**;nj;into the hands of Irish farm-
i" I In lhe middle States the German
"...t foreigners  are  assuming the
"">V.p or tenantry of the farms that
"•'■Miied from a -state of  nature  by
;r.f**p*  from   New  England,  New
'• Pennsylvania, Maryland and  Vir-
*.
v '.»> rensiis develops the fact that
'■sr-h of the four million farms of the
-7 ».» now occupied by tenants.many
' ■''3i art* destined t*i become ownersof
4 We have uo feeling of jealousy
'*< ii«*«- foreigners for what they are
'.'• !i«ir action is commendable, but
"■?•* lo make the inquiry as to how
*-.* sh-y are displacing the native
■^ss !r«m the farms of his ancestors.
••kthevdo it by patient, plodding
"*T. l.y simply being true to and
••■!sk* u*,\ use of opportunities that
'f**.'-. all, but embraced by the few.
'" i;.rl*e in detail, and by thorough
"* "'f farming,and,avoiding debt and
"'~<v.r*. add acre to acre, until they
"V-aJjIe holdings, the management
'- * i_»y hardly ever fail to make |
***>- They do it from the avails of
industry, not by speculation or trading.
While too often the American youth strays
away from home with his brain tilled with
golden dreams of what is to be realized
from option or other speculative dealings,
the patient, persevering, thrifty foreigner
is absorbing the best farm lands of the
country. While It cannot be expected that
tho American who has left a farm home to
become a manufacturer, merchant or a
professional Is going back, it may be well
for those who contemplate going to Inquire
how many of thoso who have left are now
prosperous, and how many are living in
the cities in  straightened circumstances.
A very small percentage may be found
to have been successful ;tho larger number
are not as well situated as those who have
remained in the country; some have gone
down slippery paths of dissipation'to destruction. Some may yotllngerin tenement
houses, or are ekeing out existence by
questionable methods, half starving to
keep tip the appearance of respectability
in hotter quarters.
There are economies and incentives
thereto ln thecountry that do not exist or
rule in thecitiesjin fact reverse conditions
abound, and the tendency to Increase of
same grows steadily with unabating force.
Iu detail these are numerous and patent,
within the easy comprehension of all who
give the subject consideration and observation. Tlie great economies are in the
proper and profitable use of timo and in
cost of maintenance. As to the first, tho
owner of a farm can profitably employ
himself at all seasons by the great variety
of opportunities for increasing Its value or
productive power. There need no day
pass at any season of the year in which ho
cannot do something, or set In motion
aome force against which he can draw at
some future timo.
As* to maintenance, the difference ' between city and country life is large,, so
great indeed that the difference if saved
may in a term of yean* accumulate a handsome surplus. The inducements to thrift
and thoughtful care of property, ita best
use in the direction of reproduction, ls not
realized and exercised amid the excitements of the city to the extent that they
are in the country.
The fate and fortune of those who discard the reasonably sure opportunities of
agriculture for the hazards of commercial
life must ever be highly problematical,
the former as a rule being surrounded by
favorable conditions, while the latter are
exposed to numerous adverse contingencies that cannot be foreseen or guarded
against. The rejection or abandonment of
a calling in which one may without much
doubt forecast with certainty his future,
for the reason tbat it mainly depends upon
his own individual action, for one, forany
or all others, in which the risk of success
or failure depends npon the action of Irresponsible, careless patrons and unscrupulous competitors, is one of the unfortunate
developments of the times, and is one that
may well bo checked.
Wkstmon-t, a ten-year-old pacing horse,
owned by J. M. Hill, of Chicago, lowered
the pacing record about 10 seconds last
week. Ue paced a mile In 2 m., l'i sec.,
and is expected to cut ofl the 1% seconds
before the end of   the season.-   Ho was
$o00, but Mr. Hill paid ?20,000 for him.
Written --Ob' Indiana Farm.r.
Morphology of Animals.
BV L. J. TUMI-LIN.
In a former article I noted some remarkable changes that take placo ln certain
species of fungi; I also Intimated Uiat
those changes wero not eouiined to tho
vegetable kingdom, but that similar
changes of forms are often seen in the animal kingdom. I now wish to call more
particular attention to some of these transformations. It tsinthe lower orders of
animal existence that these extreme
changes of form urn generally to lie found.
Numerous examples aro to bt* found in
the insect world. The maggot riots In
illth till It is almost ready to burst, whon
it hidos away in soiiioorackorerovleo and,
after a longer or shorter period of quics-
oneo, It comes forth a fully developed lly
with cleanly habits ami rctiiiod tastes. A
butterfly lays a tiny egg on a leaf; In process of timo a in I n li to caterpillar is hatched,
which oats and grows, but bears no resemblance to the parent Insect. Aftor a
time It ceases to out and hides away from
sight, where it assumes au entirely dlffor-
ent form, ceases all motion mid lies for a
time in apparent death. Hut wondrous
change*, are going on In that apparently
lifeless form,ainl In due timo it lakes upon
it still another forin,diirerent from all that
havo preceded, but liko to that of tho
mother insect that laid tho egg from which
it was hatched. Hero wo havo tho samo
insect passing through four stagos, the
egg, tho larva, tho pupa and the imago
states, in all of which it appears ln entirely different forms from those which precede and follow. Theso changes are as ex-
tremo and strange as lt would bo if a ser-
pont were to chango to an eaglo and soar
away. In the bee hive somo very strange
transformations tako placo. llore we havo
three dillerent classes of insects, all tho
progeny of tho name individual. The
queen is a perfect female and tho mother
of all the bees In tho colony. The workers, Improperly called "neuters," are imperfect females; and tho dronosare perfect
males. When tho queen lays fecundated
eggs thoy produce either workers or
queens, but if unfecundated eggs are laid
they hatch nothing but drones. When a
queen is to bo raised an ordinary fertilized
egg, that with ordinary treatment would
produce a worker, is taken, a large cell is
made, nnd tho larva, when it is hatched, ls
fed an abundance of specially prepared
food; the result is a queen. In an ant's
nest the changes aro still more numerous,
as tLere we have males, females, workers
and soldiers, all differing in both form and
habits. Itut these strange metamorphoses
are not confined to the insect world, as wo
find them occurring in tho lower orders of
animal forms. A good illustration of this
is found In the life history of a medusa, or
jelly-fish, known as Aurelia. The egg of
this, while passing through tho process of
incubation or hatching,becomes furnished
with a number of fine cilia or vibratite
hairs, by moans of which it is able to swim
and tumble about in tho water. During
this time it gradually changesits form, assuming more and moro the appearance of
a hydroid. .Soon it begins to elongate and
form a cavity at one end. In this con
dition it was formerly thought to be a dis
tinct animal  and it was  named Scyphos-
toma. It now settles down and becomes
anchored to some stationary object by the
end opposite the cavity forming in it. lt
continues to increase in length and the
cavity to deepen till it takes the form of a
tube or cylinder. In this state it was
formerly considered as a distinct animal
and called Strabila. Hut It does not remain in this state, but In a short time
small folds or constrictions begin to form
around it,gradually deepening, till it is divided intoa iiimiberof small saucer-shaped
segments. The tipper ono containing the
tei.tlc.lm now falls oil' and dies, and the
others follow,ono by one,capsir.ing as lhey
fall off ami then swimming away with the
concave side downward. This stage was
also supiKKHod to bo a dillerent animal and
so It received tlie name Ephyra, but this
was afterwards found to grow Into tho
..million Medusa Aurella,thus completing
the cycle, having appeared In four iIIIIIt-
ont forms am] received as many distinct
names.
One moro example from an animal of a
higher order and I closo this article.
In some of the lakes and other waters of
tho Western Stales an animal is found that
was named by l'rof. Ilalrtl, Klrodon lichenoides. It Is from three to live Inches long,
as found, has four legs, branching, external gills,and a membrane extending along
tho bark similar to that on a tadpole.
Thoso aro known in tho West here us tho
"fish with legs." In color thoy aro a dark
olive above and a light ollvo below. When
kept ln confinement thoy 1-ooomo changed
In both form and habits. They drop their
gills and membranous appendages, tako
on a deep, greenish black tint and assume
tho form of true salamanders. In this
form lt was described and named by l'rof.
Hainl, Amblystama mavortium, without
tho least suspicion that It was only the
adult state of the ono above named and to
which ho had given an entirely different
name. Theso illustrations of the changes
that take place in animated nature might
have l*oen greatly extended, but I deem
those sulllcient to show that In tho world
of nature we are surrounded by wondors
that should call forth our admiration, and
lead to a deeper insight Into tho ways of
"Him who docth all things woll."
/
Owl Controversy.
Kdltora Indiana Farmer:
As your paper Is taken in our family, I
tako the liberty to state that my opinion
differs from that of Fletcher M. Noo, in
regard to the rod screech owl, JSmpn
Asia lieing Indent leal with tho grey or
mottled owl, Scops Nevia. While bearing
great general resemblance to each other
there Is much difference between them
tho red S—A— being tho smallest and
emitting at intervals through tho night a
blood curdling screech, while the grey
or mottled S—N— ls larger, has shorter
ear tufts anil the eggs aro a shade paler,
and tho birds give vent to a prolonged
dismal quavering moan entirely different
from the ,S—A—. Honaparto, Auduliou
and others regarded the young of tho
species H—N—as tho red H—A—antl others
tlio reverse, but without definite reasons
but Wilson, Michener and others, as well
as tho writer, consider them distinct
species. James Khkntzinoek.
Hovey, Ind.