VOL. XIX.
i
^GARDES!
INDIANAPOLIS, IND., SATURDAY, FEB. 28,1884.
NO. 8.
m,n lor tie Indiana Farmer.^1>it\jt    ^ ,-,-
IgEICUITUBE IN FRANCE.
I .perimenu  with  8wlue.     Feeding,
antl TrcBtinent for Disease.
American Pork.
tier nnd Mllk.   Notes from the Dairy
Show at Caeii.
\ tiuiib.e Hints and Suggestions Taken
IVum French Methods.
;
FOOD F'OU PIGS.  ;
i I'rofessor Sanson has been   experiment-
ii ,* on Ihe relative value of carbonaceous
..stances, for the fattening of  pigs;   He
s|itieilii Windsor pig, aged 10 weeks,
1 weighing ll lbs, and a Yorkshire.aged
ht weeks, weight 24 lbs. The first»wa*_
from Deo. 10, 18S0, to April 17, 1881, ex-
sively on barley amounting, to 202 lbs,
it weighed at the end of the four
nths, 52 lbs, thus representing a net
mentation -Of ''28lbs,-'The--Yorkshire
As fe.l on barley, potato staJ-ph artd sugar
Xov. 17* 1881, to Feb. 25, 1882, in the
tial proportions of 75 lbs of barley, 60 of
ri'h and 7 of sugar. At the end of the
leriuient it weighed 54 lbs, .or an aug-
ntaiioii offolbs. In 128 days the Wind-
gained ,28 lbs; in 100 days the York-
re hail put up 30 lbs of flesh, or respect-
ly an augmentation at the rate of 3>_
1 *:i ounces per day. The professor
ludea thac for young pigs a highly
Umaceous food is not.that which is
wi conducive to their development, or
n most favorable to the production of
though the latter he maintains is
med from the hydrates of carbon, and
from tlie protein compounds as Ger-
i scientists  maintain.   The  practical
ujerence is, that the pig stands in need,
en young, of an alimentation that will
elop  the body  rather  than  produce
H <h,aud that during the period of growth,
food ought to, contain a large propor-
i of animal matter.as dairy and kitchen
use, and the cooked debris from slaugh-
houses. These adjuncts will supply the
tein compounds..
POTATO PUU*.
n districts where feculais manufactured
in potatoes, the residue or pulp, has
■•! herto been rejected. In process of de-
•^iposition, the mass emits an odor as
agreeable as olives undergoing fermen-
"n. Those who convert the pulp into
"ire, make it into a. compost, adding to
.mass salt or gypsum,: Of late, farmers
o i it more profitable to utilize the putato
P|P. and make it enter into the rations of
k, in the proportions* bne-fourth,with
"hed grains, bran, roots, chaffed fodder,
adding a little salt. . *. '
VAfX'IN-ATlON OKSWINE.
Pasteur has summarized his open_-
jis respecting vaccination as a remedy
H inst measles in pigs.   He pays a grace-
'"bnte  to his  pupil,   Thuillier, , who
-ntlylo.t his life in Egypt from chol-
wnere he went to study the nature of
lA^t"8,?1 thatdiae«se.   In the spring of
to 7, """'Uler visited the south of  France
Qy an alarming outbreak of  measles
[tlu
«
ti
di
ti
m
Ui
it,
tin:
to
among pigs. On examining the blood of
some of the diseased animals, he noticed a
new animalcule, or microbe, which might
be the cause of the disease. Dr. Klein, of
London, had pointed out that a microbe
was the cause of measles, but the animalcule he designated was not the true one.
Professer Detniers, of Chicago, was the
first to indicate the exact microbe, and
which Pasteur's experiments have corroborated. With the morbid virus, or its
microbes, of' a measly, pig, Pasteur pro-
dnced the animalcules artificially in a kind
of soup made from veal. With the virus
or pock thus produced, pigs were vaccinated not only in the south, but in every
other part of France. Where thediseasewas
endemic, the innoculated hogs escaped,
while those not treated suceumbed. The
efficacy of the innoculation does not endure beyond a year, but that period of im'
munity generally suffices for the farmer.
A^microbe is virulent for an animal, in
proportion to its powerof rapid multiplication, like every other parasite, which,feed-
ing ou the blood, exhausts its oxygen. It
is this rapidity of generation which constitutes the morbid nature of the microbe.
While the superior scale of creation of ani-
mit__^i'eqnii<-W-.s.hoiM-«ia-rifi-»ye millions of
iyears- for a new generation tobeaccom-
plished,in the case of the parasite microbe,
immense and successive generations can
be developed within 24 hours.
i In the region of Vaucluse, where pig
measles appears to have its headquarters,
it was impossible to rear rabbits and pigeons. Pasteur discovered they too contracted the contagion. On Innoculating a
pigeon with the morbid virus of an in-
facted.pig, the bird died within eight days,
but if the virus was taken from that pigeon
and anbtherpigeon innoculated with it,the
latter was less severely attacked, and so on
lri;proportion. The microbe became as it
were minimized in'its virulence, or acclimatized. In ' the "case of the rabbit, the
virus taken direct from the pigeverproved
mortal, but where selected from rabbits
successively innoculated from each other,
the virus not only proved harmless, but
like the case of the pigeons, as in identical
circumstances with the artificial virus employed against charbon in black cattle and
sheep, was an effective preventive against
virus extracted from diseased pigs.
AMERICAN PORK.     .
: The French legislature is acting very inconsistently and annoyingly in respect to
the admission of American pork into the
country, on the plea that itis affected
with trichina*. The Deputies. voted the
admission, but the Senators have thrown
out the bill. However, public opinion is
getting alarmed at'.the United States preparing to apply the Reprisals, Act. The
only, case of . trichinosis discovered in
France, was that from a native pig. The
American pork was a wGodsend for the
rural, as well as the city population.. It
was their'"fowl in the weekly pot," and
savored the palatable dish of vegetables. ,
DAIRY  NOTES."" "
The recent Dairy • Show at Caen,'has
drawn attention to the most Improved processes for the preparation of butter; notably, as to the manner of skimming, the
stage at which cream ought to be churned,
and whether the butter ought to be
kneaded'with hand or instrument; washed
or merely subjected  to mechanical pres
sure. Another question has been raised at
the same time, whether it is more profitable to convert milk Into butter or cheese.
A small farm of 50 acres cannot very well,
it is argued, invest in cheese making; that
is a commercial speculation necessitating
the association of several farms and capital.
BUTTER.
The'origin of butter is unknown, yet
nearly all languages retain in the radical
of the word, the equivalent for agitation
or churnjng. Butter is a fatty, oily substances held in suspension in milk, and
that rises to the surface by its lesser density. It brings up with if serum and
caseine; the whole forms cream. Churning allows tho buttery particles to agglomerate; washing and kneading expel the
milk and caseine, the latter, especially, as
being azotized, it induces rancidness or
fermentation. Bromeis says butter is composed of five different substances: oleine,
30 per cent; margarine, 68; butyrine, caprine and1 capicine 2 per cent. Fourcroy
anks butter as an animal oil, and says
hat it owes its solidity to a certain portion of oxygen. It preserves when salted
or melted, because such operations destroy the easeine which is the putrescent
element. Butter possesses all the nutritive and digestible properties of fat, and
Souberian observes that it is by its odor
It is distinguished from all other fats. The
latter are 'formed by setting, butter from
agitating.   > ■  *   '
Butter made from sheep's milk ia fatty,
of a pale yellow color in summer, and
white in winter; it preserves badly. Goat's
butter Is white, keeps better than that of
isheep; but has a bad taste. That prepared
from' asses' milk is White, soft, tasteless,
and difficult to extract. The qualities of
good butter .are: a mild, agreeable, and
slightly aromatic taste; sufficiently.firm to
be cut in thin slices; color, yellow shading into orange. Bad butter contains
caseine and is white and cheesy. "Run"
butter is butter clar.fied,melted and patted
for nse,in India, "Ghee"is the name given
to this preparation.
, The Scythians, and through them the
Aryans, the Greeks and the Latins, must
have known butter, as they had numerous
flocks and herds. The Romans only employed butter,(the favored oils,) as a medicament, as was sugar used in the middle
ages. Robinson states butter is in use in
the 'present day in Palestine, and as practices are slow to change in the' East, it
may have been so for centuries. According to Buck&rdt, the Arabs apply butte f to
different uses. In the Orient, however,
butter is frequently confused with a kind
of milk curdled by acid for leaven,.andfof-
fered to all travelers. It Is a household dish;
SETTING MILK AND CHURNING. ,'
Good butter is closely connected with
good milk, and the latter in turn with the
food and the breed of cattle. The centrifugal process of skimming milk, and its
immediate churning, demand time and
testing before becoming an institution.
Hence, the process remains of setting the
mllk, and churning either the whole contents of the vessels, or merely the cream.
Soured cream yields a butter more abundant, but its quality is inferior. This is
the case with Bretagne butter; the crocks
are kept in presses and wardrobes accumulating dirt and offensive odors.
' The time necessary for churning varies
with the season, that is to say, the temperature. When the butter is slow in gathering, or bewitched, many persons add
some lemon juice or brandy, but this tells
on the quality. In Berry and Normandy,
many farmers place the cream in linen
bags, neither. too coarse nor too fine, and
bury them two feet in the ground,'covered
well up, for 24 hours. When retired, the
cream is in the form of a block; this is
broken with a wooden hammer, the buttery particles alone separate, and a wineglass full of water will unite them. The
washing of the butter is a vexed question;
in Normandy, such is effected several
times in the churn, and.af tor wards rolled
with the bats; equally first-class butter is
turned out by substituting* pressure for
washings, and the aroma is in both cases
excellent.
MABIOK COUNTY A. AHD H. SOCIETY.
The  monthly   meeting  of the   Marion
county  Agricultural   and    Horticultural
Society will be held in the  rooms of the
Indiana State Board of Agriculture, in this
city, oruSaturday next the 23d at 10 o'clock,'
a. m.   At this meeting   the usual  reports
Will be made from ;th*TVaHbil9  standing
committees,    followed   by     discussions.'
Mrs.   Sarah T.  Bolton will   continue her
journey down the Rhine. .   ■  *
"A prominent feature of tlie meeting will'
be  the   Annual Culinary   Exhibit,   with
award of premiums.
Tile and the Floods.
Gdltora Indiana Farmer:
.A very general Impression   that the late
floods In the Ohio river are due in a . large
measure to the increase of  underdrainage
prevails among the people, and this opinion
has been expressed by a number of news- :
papers.   Such fin  impression   would   dis- _
courage the use of tile,   and I  think   that
the farmers should understand that  thor-       y
ough underdrainage would tend to prevent
rather  than cause   the rapid  rise  of our
streams, and consequent floods. -
In our clay,and loam soils a heavy. rain ,
will soak the ground to a depth of only
eight or ten inches, the remainder of the ,
water flowing rapidly off on the surface.
If tile are laid three to four feet deep, the
soil will become pulverized to the depth of
the tile, and before any water will flow
from the drain, the ground must become
saturated to that depth, and then the water
■will continue to soak into the ground as
into a sponge. The tile will carry this
superfluous water off gradually, as it is a ,
well known fact that water will flow from
a drain as long as ten days after a heavy
rain. Underdralnlng prevents rapid rising
of the streams, both by carrying the water
more slowly, and by making a larger reservoir for the water by Increasing the depth
of the soil. •,
; A moment's consideration would  show ;
that underdrainage could not have  lutlu- ,
enced the present flood as   there are more '
tile in Marion county  than in  all the  regions  from  which  the water came—the
banks of the Allegheny and Monongahela
rivers, and the rivers in West Virginlaand
Kentucky.   About 90  per cent of  the tile
in the United 8tates are laid  In Northern
Ohio,   Indiana,   Illinois,   and   Southern
Michigan,   and this  region i's  peculiarly
exempt from floods.   It has  also been the
experience in England, that  floods ceased
when the country was thoroughly drained  -
by tiling. .-. Lindley Vinton.     .,
Indianapolis.