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Marine Outfall Studies by
Qualified Diving Investigators
Conrad Limbaugh, Marine Biologist
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
University of California
Lajolla, California
Recent biological and oceanographic studies by divers provide
some insight into problems involving the disposal of wastes through
ocean outfalls. Sufficient evidence, obtained from surface and diving
investigations, suggests that the effluents from the larger outfalls
are adversely affecting the biota in specific areas.
The diving investigators who have participated in these studies
have been highly trained in subsurface work and have had extensive
underwater experience near and in the areas investigated. Diving
skill and familiarity with the area enable the diver to cope with unexpected hazards and to assess problems in new environments. The
value of diving as a tool can easily be underestimated if unqualified
divers are used.
During the course of these investigations, the divers, free from
encumbering lines, dived to depths exceeding 100 feet. They were
able to collect representative samples of the animals and plants of the
bottom communities surrounding outfalls, and otherwise to analyze
these communities; to observe the path of the effluent and the movement of particulate matter; and to assess some of the oceanographic
and bottom conditions.
Open circuit SCUBA (Self-Contained Underwater Breathing
Apparatus) was the air-supplying diving gear used. Open-circuit
SCUBA consists of a tank of compressed air connected to a demand
regulator, a hose which delivers air from the regulator to the
diver's mouth on demand, and an exhaust hose. The entire unit is
worn strapped to the diver's back. No hampering lines or hoses
connect the diver with the surface.
In addition to SCUBA, the diver wears a face mask which
covers his eyes and nose for vision, a pair of fins on his feet for
propulsion, a foam neoprene wet suit for warmth, and a weighted
belt for buoyancy control. Accessory equipment for recording, measuring, collecting, or marking may consist of cameras, thermometers,
210
Object Description
| Purdue Identification Number | ETRIWC195718 |
| Title | Marine outfall studies by qualified diving investigators |
| Author | Limbaugh, Conrad |
| Date of Original | 1957 |
| Conference Title | Proceedings of the twelfth Industrial Waste Conference |
| Conference Front Matter (copy and paste) | http://earchives.lib.purdue.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/engext&CISOPTR=5634&REC=8 |
| Extent of Original | p. 210-216 |
| Collection Title | Engineering Technical Reports Collection, Purdue University |
| Repository | Purdue University Libraries |
| Rights Statement | Digital object copyright Purdue University. All rights reserved. |
| Language | eng |
| Type (DCMI) | text |
| Format | JP2 |
| Date Digitized | 2008-09-22 |
| Capture Device | Fujitsu fi-5650C |
| Capture Details | ScandAll 21 |
| Resolution | 300 ppi |
| Color Depth | 8 bit |
Description
| Title | page 210 |
| Collection Title | Engineering Technical Reports Collection, Purdue University |
| Repository | Purdue University Libraries |
| Rights Statement | Digital object copyright Purdue University. All rights reserved. |
| Language | eng |
| Type (DCMI) | text |
| Format | JP2 |
| Capture Device | Fujitsu fi-5650C |
| Capture Details | ScandAll 21 |
| Transcript | Marine Outfall Studies by Qualified Diving Investigators Conrad Limbaugh, Marine Biologist Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California Lajolla, California Recent biological and oceanographic studies by divers provide some insight into problems involving the disposal of wastes through ocean outfalls. Sufficient evidence, obtained from surface and diving investigations, suggests that the effluents from the larger outfalls are adversely affecting the biota in specific areas. The diving investigators who have participated in these studies have been highly trained in subsurface work and have had extensive underwater experience near and in the areas investigated. Diving skill and familiarity with the area enable the diver to cope with unexpected hazards and to assess problems in new environments. The value of diving as a tool can easily be underestimated if unqualified divers are used. During the course of these investigations, the divers, free from encumbering lines, dived to depths exceeding 100 feet. They were able to collect representative samples of the animals and plants of the bottom communities surrounding outfalls, and otherwise to analyze these communities; to observe the path of the effluent and the movement of particulate matter; and to assess some of the oceanographic and bottom conditions. Open circuit SCUBA (Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) was the air-supplying diving gear used. Open-circuit SCUBA consists of a tank of compressed air connected to a demand regulator, a hose which delivers air from the regulator to the diver's mouth on demand, and an exhaust hose. The entire unit is worn strapped to the diver's back. No hampering lines or hoses connect the diver with the surface. In addition to SCUBA, the diver wears a face mask which covers his eyes and nose for vision, a pair of fins on his feet for propulsion, a foam neoprene wet suit for warmth, and a weighted belt for buoyancy control. Accessory equipment for recording, measuring, collecting, or marking may consist of cameras, thermometers, 210 |
| Resolution | 300 ppi |
| Color Depth | 8 bit |
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