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PRECIPITATION OF LEAD FROM A STORAGE BATTERY MANUFACTURING WASTEWATER James R. Wallace, Engineer Camp Dresser and McKee Boston, Massachusetts 02108 Philip C. Singer, Professor Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514 Lead is used as an industrial raw material for storage battery manufacture, printing, pigments, fuels, photographic materials, and matches and explosives manufacturing. The storage battery industry is the largest consumer of lead, followed by the petroleum industry in their production of gasoline additives. In the storage battery industry, the highest concentrations of lead originate in the plate-forming area. The resultant wastewater has a very low pH, in the range of 1.3 to 2.6, which leads to relatively high concentrations of lead (e.g., 4 to 5 mg/1). Lead is a consent decree pollutant. In addition to its detrimental impact on aquatic life in receiving waters, lead can inhibit biological wastewater treatment or sludge digestion processes. Furthermore, sludges containing lead may be classified as hazardous and are, accordingly, difficult to dispose of. The maximum contaminant level for lead in drinking water is 0.05 mg/1. These problems associated with lead have prompted the setting of pretreatment standards for the discharge of industrial wastes into publicly owned treatment works (POTW's). The current standard for lead is a one day maximum concentration of 0.6 mg/1 and a 30-day average of 0.3 mg/1 [ 1 ]. Removal of soluble lead from acidic wastewaters is usually accomplished by neutralization and precipitation. The pH of the lead-containing wastewater is generally raised by the addition of caustic (NaOH), lime (CaO), sodium carbonate (Na2C03) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHC03), resulting in the formation of insoluble lead oxide (PbO), lead carbonate (PbC03), or lead sulfate (PbS04) in sulfate-bearing wastewaters. All of these chemicals are acceptable for raising the pH and rendering the lead insoluble, except that in the presence of high concentration of sulfate, voluminous amounts of calcium sulfate (CaSO.)) may result if lime is used for neutralization. Selection of the appropriate base for treatment should be based upon the following criteria: (a) solubility limits of lead in the neutralized wastewater; (b) settleabdity and filterabdity of the resultant precipitate; (c) solids handling, e.g. dewaterabdity and ultimate disposal potential of the resultant sludge; and (d) cost. Solids handling following precipitation of lead from the wastewater stream must be considered, but is often overlooked. Sludge handling and dewaterabdity depend upon the nature of the solids. For example, particle size and shape, nature of the solids phase (amorphous or crystalline), and density of the precipitate all affect the dewaterabdity of the sludge. One method for solids handling is dewatering of the sludge and disposal of the concentrated solids in a landfill. Another method is to dewater the sludge and reclaim the lead for recycle as a raw material back into the manufacturing process. The effectiveness of dewatering processes depends upon the type of precipitate formed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate in treating a storage battery manufacturing wastewater. Three criteria were used in evaluating the bases: (a) the residual lead concentration of the resulting supernatant after sedimentation was measured to evaluate the settleabdity of the resultant precipitates: (b) the treated water was filtered and the soluble lead measured, 702
Object Description
Purdue Identification Number | ETRIWC198070 |
Title | Precipitation of lead from a storage battery manufacturing wastewater |
Author |
Wallace, James R. Singer, Philip C. |
Date of Original | 1980 |
Conference Title | Proceedings of the 35th Industrial Waste Conference |
Conference Front Matter (copy and paste) | http://earchives.lib.purdue.edu/u?/engext,31542 |
Extent of Original | p. 702-717 |
Collection Title | Engineering Technical Reports Collection, Purdue University |
Repository | Purdue University Libraries |
Rights Statement | Digital object copyright Purdue University. All rights reserved. |
Language | eng |
Type (DCMI) | text |
Format | JP2 |
Date Digitized | 2009-10-22 |
Capture Device | Fujitsu fi-5650C |
Capture Details | ScandAll 21 |
Resolution | 300 ppi |
Color Depth | 8 bit |
Description
Title | page 702 |
Collection Title | Engineering Technical Reports Collection, Purdue University |
Repository | Purdue University Libraries |
Rights Statement | Digital copyright Purdue University. All rights reserved. |
Language | eng |
Type (DCMI) | text |
Format | JP2 |
Capture Device | Fujitsu fi-5650C |
Capture Details | ScandAll 21 |
Transcript | PRECIPITATION OF LEAD FROM A STORAGE BATTERY MANUFACTURING WASTEWATER James R. Wallace, Engineer Camp Dresser and McKee Boston, Massachusetts 02108 Philip C. Singer, Professor Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514 Lead is used as an industrial raw material for storage battery manufacture, printing, pigments, fuels, photographic materials, and matches and explosives manufacturing. The storage battery industry is the largest consumer of lead, followed by the petroleum industry in their production of gasoline additives. In the storage battery industry, the highest concentrations of lead originate in the plate-forming area. The resultant wastewater has a very low pH, in the range of 1.3 to 2.6, which leads to relatively high concentrations of lead (e.g., 4 to 5 mg/1). Lead is a consent decree pollutant. In addition to its detrimental impact on aquatic life in receiving waters, lead can inhibit biological wastewater treatment or sludge digestion processes. Furthermore, sludges containing lead may be classified as hazardous and are, accordingly, difficult to dispose of. The maximum contaminant level for lead in drinking water is 0.05 mg/1. These problems associated with lead have prompted the setting of pretreatment standards for the discharge of industrial wastes into publicly owned treatment works (POTW's). The current standard for lead is a one day maximum concentration of 0.6 mg/1 and a 30-day average of 0.3 mg/1 [ 1 ]. Removal of soluble lead from acidic wastewaters is usually accomplished by neutralization and precipitation. The pH of the lead-containing wastewater is generally raised by the addition of caustic (NaOH), lime (CaO), sodium carbonate (Na2C03) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHC03), resulting in the formation of insoluble lead oxide (PbO), lead carbonate (PbC03), or lead sulfate (PbS04) in sulfate-bearing wastewaters. All of these chemicals are acceptable for raising the pH and rendering the lead insoluble, except that in the presence of high concentration of sulfate, voluminous amounts of calcium sulfate (CaSO.)) may result if lime is used for neutralization. Selection of the appropriate base for treatment should be based upon the following criteria: (a) solubility limits of lead in the neutralized wastewater; (b) settleabdity and filterabdity of the resultant precipitate; (c) solids handling, e.g. dewaterabdity and ultimate disposal potential of the resultant sludge; and (d) cost. Solids handling following precipitation of lead from the wastewater stream must be considered, but is often overlooked. Sludge handling and dewaterabdity depend upon the nature of the solids. For example, particle size and shape, nature of the solids phase (amorphous or crystalline), and density of the precipitate all affect the dewaterabdity of the sludge. One method for solids handling is dewatering of the sludge and disposal of the concentrated solids in a landfill. Another method is to dewater the sludge and reclaim the lead for recycle as a raw material back into the manufacturing process. The effectiveness of dewatering processes depends upon the type of precipitate formed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate in treating a storage battery manufacturing wastewater. Three criteria were used in evaluating the bases: (a) the residual lead concentration of the resulting supernatant after sedimentation was measured to evaluate the settleabdity of the resultant precipitates: (b) the treated water was filtered and the soluble lead measured, 702 |
Resolution | 300 ppi |
Color Depth | 8 bit |
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