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44 A COMPARISON OF SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS OF HEAVY PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN SOIL AND AQUEOUS SAMPLES Farhad Nadim, Shili Liu, George E. Hoag, Jiang Ping Chen, and Robert J. Carley Environmental Research Institute, Box U-210 Storrs, Connecticut 06269 Orest P. Polishchuk Dept. of Chemistry I. Franko State University of Lviv 6 Kyrylo and Methodiy St. 290005, Lviv, Ukraine I tid mi la V. Sidorova State University "Lvivska Polytechnica" POB 7346, 11/55 Dovzendo St. 290070, Lviv, Ukraine INTRODUCTION Petroleum hydrocarbons originate from liquid fossil fuels called oil, or more properly, petroleum. Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid with widely different composition and complexity. Except for a few surface seepages, the vast portion of petroleum is located well below the surface of the earth and it is extracted only by drilling. Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons. Its elemental composition is carbon-hydrogen, with variable quantities of oxygen and sulfur, and trace amounts of nitrogen, metals, and other elements. Refining of crude oil usually begins with washing with water to remove salt and other inorganic impurities, followed by distillation to separate the various fractions ranging from methane to asphalt. Fuel oil such as gasoline and diesel are separated during this procedure. Modern refineries use a procedure called "cracking" to fractionate unused cuts. In this process the material is heated to temperatures above 230°C at different pressures with or without a catalyst. Cracking converts heavy and complex hydrocarbons to more simple molecules with lower boiling points with the loss of hydrogen (J. A. Plambeck, 1995). Being a major industrial nation, the United States uses over 250 billion gallons of oil and petroleum products each year on average. At every point in the oil production, distribution, and consumption process, oil is invariably stored in storage tanks. The potential for an oil spill is significant, and the effects of spilled oil many times pose serious threats to the environment. Protecting the ecological system and water resources from petroleum contamination are of main concern. PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY EPA method-418.1, known as TPH-IR is based upon a methodology developed to determine the oil and grease content of industrial wastewaters, sewage, and sludges. The source methodology is presently documented as Standard Method 5520 in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, Seventeenth Edition (1989), jointly published by the American Public 52nd Purdue Industrial Waste Conference Proceedings, 1997, Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, Michigan 48118. Printed in U.S.A. 441
Object Description
Purdue Identification Number | ETRIWC199744 |
Title | Comparison of spectrophotometric and gas chromatographic measurements of heavy petroleum products in soil and aqueous samples |
Author |
Nadim, Farhad Liu, Shili Hoag, George E. Chen, Jiang Ping Carley, Robert J. Polishchuck, Orest P. Sidorova, Ludmila V. |
Date of Original | 1997 |
Conference Title | Proceedings of the 52nd Industrial Waste Conference |
Conference Front Matter (copy and paste) | http://earchives.lib.purdue.edu/u?/engext,20307 |
Extent of Original | p. 441-450 |
Collection Title | Engineering Technical Reports Collection, Purdue University |
Repository | Purdue University Libraries |
Rights Statement | Digital object copyright Purdue University. All rights reserved. |
Language | eng |
Type (DCMI) | text |
Format | JP2 |
Date Digitized | 2009-11-03 |
Capture Device | Fujitsu fi-5650C |
Capture Details | ScandAll 21 |
Resolution | 300 ppi |
Color Depth | 8 bit |
Description
Title | page 441 |
Collection Title | Engineering Technical Reports Collection, Purdue University |
Repository | Purdue University Libraries |
Rights Statement | Digital object copyright Purdue University. All rights reserved. |
Language | eng |
Type (DCMI) | text |
Format | JP2 |
Capture Device | Fujitsu fi-5650C |
Capture Details | ScandAll 21 |
Transcript | 44 A COMPARISON OF SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS OF HEAVY PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN SOIL AND AQUEOUS SAMPLES Farhad Nadim, Shili Liu, George E. Hoag, Jiang Ping Chen, and Robert J. Carley Environmental Research Institute, Box U-210 Storrs, Connecticut 06269 Orest P. Polishchuk Dept. of Chemistry I. Franko State University of Lviv 6 Kyrylo and Methodiy St. 290005, Lviv, Ukraine I tid mi la V. Sidorova State University "Lvivska Polytechnica" POB 7346, 11/55 Dovzendo St. 290070, Lviv, Ukraine INTRODUCTION Petroleum hydrocarbons originate from liquid fossil fuels called oil, or more properly, petroleum. Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid with widely different composition and complexity. Except for a few surface seepages, the vast portion of petroleum is located well below the surface of the earth and it is extracted only by drilling. Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons. Its elemental composition is carbon-hydrogen, with variable quantities of oxygen and sulfur, and trace amounts of nitrogen, metals, and other elements. Refining of crude oil usually begins with washing with water to remove salt and other inorganic impurities, followed by distillation to separate the various fractions ranging from methane to asphalt. Fuel oil such as gasoline and diesel are separated during this procedure. Modern refineries use a procedure called "cracking" to fractionate unused cuts. In this process the material is heated to temperatures above 230°C at different pressures with or without a catalyst. Cracking converts heavy and complex hydrocarbons to more simple molecules with lower boiling points with the loss of hydrogen (J. A. Plambeck, 1995). Being a major industrial nation, the United States uses over 250 billion gallons of oil and petroleum products each year on average. At every point in the oil production, distribution, and consumption process, oil is invariably stored in storage tanks. The potential for an oil spill is significant, and the effects of spilled oil many times pose serious threats to the environment. Protecting the ecological system and water resources from petroleum contamination are of main concern. PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY EPA method-418.1, known as TPH-IR is based upon a methodology developed to determine the oil and grease content of industrial wastewaters, sewage, and sludges. The source methodology is presently documented as Standard Method 5520 in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, Seventeenth Edition (1989), jointly published by the American Public 52nd Purdue Industrial Waste Conference Proceedings, 1997, Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, Michigan 48118. Printed in U.S.A. 441 |
Resolution | 300 ppi |
Color Depth | 8 bit |
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