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Public Health Aspects of Waste Water Utilization in Israel HILLEL I. SHUVAL - Chief Sanitary Engineer* Ministry of Health, Israel INTRODUCTION Israel's total water resources are very limited and even with complete utilization of all natural water sources there will remain relatively large undeveloped areas of arable land thirsting for water. The limited sources of water supplies are being taxed to the maximum by the rapidly developing agricultural and industrial economy. Today over 85 per cent of the country's natural water reserves are being utilized and in the next few years the remaining reserves will be tapped to their fullest. With the water situation as it is, every potential water source must be utilized to its maximum. Early in the planning stages of the Israel master water plan the reuse of domestic and industrial waste water was taken into consideration as a possible source for supplementing the country's water reserves. This paper will deal with the public health aspects of waste water utilization in Israel and some of the engineering problems involved in this program. ISRAEL'S WATER RESOURCES Israel is a small country on the eastern end of the Mediterranean with a population of some 2, 200, 000 in 1962. The total land area is about 8, 000 square miles and is approximately equal in size to the state of New Jersey. The country is 260 miles long and 70 miles wide at its widest point. The rainfall distribution is seasonal with a vast majority of the rain falling during the five-month period during the winter months with the remaining seven months being almost completely dry. In the northern and central portions of the country, the average rainfall varies from 20 to 30 ins /year with the annual rainfall decreasing southward. At Beersheba the raintall averages 8 ins. /year and at the southernmost point, the port of Elath, on the Gulf of Agaba, only about one in. of rainfall can be expected and in some years there is no rain at all. It is estimated that the total water reserves of the country from all natural sources will supply about 437,000 million gals/year. (1, 650 million cu m/year). This figure is based on maximum utilization of all perennial rivers and springs, ground water and impoundment of flood flows (1). The major portion ofthe water will be devoted to agricultural irrigation during the dry seasons of the year to allow for the intensive agricultural development. Urban use averaged about 73 gals/cap/day (275 1/cap/day) in 1961 or 2650 gals/cap/year. The program for waste water utilization is based primarily on the reuse of a portion ofthe water supplied for urban and industrial use. The figure used for planning purposes is based on a future population estimate of * 1961-62 on leave as Visiting Associate Professor in Public Health Engineering, School of Public Health, The University of Michigan. - 650
Object Description
Purdue Identification Number | ETRIWC196253 |
Title | Public health aspects of waste water utilization in Israel |
Author | Shuval, Hillel I. |
Date of Original | 1962 |
Conference Title | Proceedings of the seventeenth Industrial Waste Conference |
Conference Front Matter (copy and paste) | http://earchives.lib.purdue.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/engext&CISOPTR=9369&REC=18 |
Extent of Original | p. 650-665 |
Collection Title | Engineering Technical Reports Collection, Purdue University |
Repository | Purdue University Libraries |
Rights Statement | Digital object copyright Purdue University. All rights reserved. |
Language | eng |
Type (DCMI) | text |
Format | JP2 |
Date Digitized | 2009-05-18 |
Capture Device | Fujitsu fi-5650C |
Capture Details | ScandAll 21 |
Resolution | 300 ppi |
Color Depth | 8 bit |
Description
Title | page 650 |
Collection Title | Engineering Technical Reports Collection, Purdue University |
Repository | Purdue University Libraries |
Rights Statement | Digital object copyright Purdue University. All rights reserved. |
Language | eng |
Type (DCMI) | text |
Format | JP2 |
Capture Device | Fujitsu fi-5650C |
Capture Details | ScandAll 21 |
Transcript | Public Health Aspects of Waste Water Utilization in Israel HILLEL I. SHUVAL - Chief Sanitary Engineer* Ministry of Health, Israel INTRODUCTION Israel's total water resources are very limited and even with complete utilization of all natural water sources there will remain relatively large undeveloped areas of arable land thirsting for water. The limited sources of water supplies are being taxed to the maximum by the rapidly developing agricultural and industrial economy. Today over 85 per cent of the country's natural water reserves are being utilized and in the next few years the remaining reserves will be tapped to their fullest. With the water situation as it is, every potential water source must be utilized to its maximum. Early in the planning stages of the Israel master water plan the reuse of domestic and industrial waste water was taken into consideration as a possible source for supplementing the country's water reserves. This paper will deal with the public health aspects of waste water utilization in Israel and some of the engineering problems involved in this program. ISRAEL'S WATER RESOURCES Israel is a small country on the eastern end of the Mediterranean with a population of some 2, 200, 000 in 1962. The total land area is about 8, 000 square miles and is approximately equal in size to the state of New Jersey. The country is 260 miles long and 70 miles wide at its widest point. The rainfall distribution is seasonal with a vast majority of the rain falling during the five-month period during the winter months with the remaining seven months being almost completely dry. In the northern and central portions of the country, the average rainfall varies from 20 to 30 ins /year with the annual rainfall decreasing southward. At Beersheba the raintall averages 8 ins. /year and at the southernmost point, the port of Elath, on the Gulf of Agaba, only about one in. of rainfall can be expected and in some years there is no rain at all. It is estimated that the total water reserves of the country from all natural sources will supply about 437,000 million gals/year. (1, 650 million cu m/year). This figure is based on maximum utilization of all perennial rivers and springs, ground water and impoundment of flood flows (1). The major portion ofthe water will be devoted to agricultural irrigation during the dry seasons of the year to allow for the intensive agricultural development. Urban use averaged about 73 gals/cap/day (275 1/cap/day) in 1961 or 2650 gals/cap/year. The program for waste water utilization is based primarily on the reuse of a portion ofthe water supplied for urban and industrial use. The figure used for planning purposes is based on a future population estimate of * 1961-62 on leave as Visiting Associate Professor in Public Health Engineering, School of Public Health, The University of Michigan. - 650 |
Resolution | 300 ppi |
Color Depth | 8 bit |
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